Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psyc

第1题

A scientific theory is a public pronouncement that indicates what a scientist believes t

o be true about his or her specific area of investigation. And the beauty of scientific theories is they help us to 【M1】______ organize our thinking about a broad arrange of observations and 【M2】______ events. Imagine how life might be like for a researcher who plugs 【M3】______ away at collecting data and cataloging fact after fact with organizing 【M4】______ this information around a set of concepts and propositions. Chances are that this person would eventually be swamped by seemingly unconnected facts, thus qualifying as a trivia expert who lacks "big 【M5】______ picture." So theories are of critical importance to developmental psychology, for each of them provides us with a "lens" which we 【M6】______ might interpret any number of specific observations about developing individuals. What are the characteristics of a good theory? Ideally, it should be concise, or parsimonious, and thus be able to explain a broad 【M7】______ range of phenomena. A theory with few principles that accounts of a 【M8】______ large number of empirical observations is much more useful than a second theory that requires many more principles and assumptions to explain the same number of observations. In addition, good theories are falsifiable — that is, capable of making explicit predictions about future events so that the theory can be supported or disconfirmed. And, as implied by the falsifiability criterion, good theories do not limit themselves to which is already known. Instead, they are 【M9】______ heuristic — meaning that they build on existing knowledge by continuing to generate testable hypotheses that, if confirmed by future research, will lead to a much rich understanding of the 【M10】______ phenomena under investigation.

【M1】

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第2题

As humankind moves into the third millennium, it can rightfully claim to have broken a ne

w ground in its age-old quest to master the 【M1】______ environment. The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientific discoveries are translating into 【M2】______ technological applications attest to the triumph of human endeavor. At the same time, consequently, some of these applications threaten 【M3】______ to unleash forces over which we have no control. In other word, the 【M4】______ new technology Man now believes allows him to dominate this wider 【M5】______ cosmos could well be a Frankenstein monster waiting to turn off its 【M6】______ master. This is an entirely new situation that promises to change many of the perceptions governing life on the planet. The most acute challenges facing with the future are likely to be not only those 【M7】______ pitting man against his fellow man, but those involving humankinds struggle to preserve the environment and ensure the sustainability of life on earth. A conflict waged to ensure the survive of the human 【M8】______ species bound to bring humans closer together. Technological 【M9】______ progress has thus proved to be a double-edged sword, giving rise to a new form. of conflict: a clash between Man and Nature. The new conflict is more dangerous than the traditional one between man and his fellow man, which the protagonists at least shared a common 【M10】______ language. But when it comes to the reactions of the ecosystems to the onslaught of modern technology, there is no common language.

【M1】

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第3题

The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for

executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in neither area and, 【M1】______ moreover, have not enjoyed the same level of success in 【M2】______ negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and fourth 【M3】______ for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways which people are persuaded 【M4】______ and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation. In many international business negotiations aboard, 【M5】______ Americans are perceived as wealthy and personal. It often appears 【M6】______ to the foreign negotiator that the American represents to a large 【M7】______ multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiators role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash. In study of American negotiators abroad, several traits have 【M8】______ been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiators position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. However, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term 【M9】______ goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt of indirect interactions without regard 【M10】______ for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.

【M1】

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第4题

Shopping habits in the United States have changed in the last quarter of the 20th centur

y. Early in the 1900s, most American towns and cities had a Main Street, which was always in the heart of the town. This street was lined both sides with many varied 【M1】______ businesses where shoppers can find all sorts of merchandises: 【M2】______ clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. In addition, some shops offer services like drugstores, restaurants, shoes-repair stores, barber or 【M3】______ hairdressing shops. But in 1950s, a change began to take place. Too many 【M4】______ automobile had crowded into Main Street. Too few parking places were available for shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, 【M5】______ merchants began to look with interest in the open spaces outside the 【M6】______ city limits. Open space is what their car-driven customers needed and 【M7】______ open space is what they got when the first shopping centers were built. Shopping centers started as to a collection of small new stores 【M8】______ built away from congested city centers. Attracted by hundreds of free parking spaces, customers were drawn away from downtown areas to the outlaying malls. And the growing popularity of shopping centers led to turn to the building of bigger and better-stocked stores. By the 【M9】______ late 1970s, shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to provide the convenience of one-shop 【M10】______ shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, with benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.

【M1】

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第5题

Most people have typewriters and can type well prefer to type 【M1】______ their letters no

wadays. There was a feeling a generation ago that typewriting was not quite proper in social correspondence, but, in the United States at least, the prejudice of typewriting much social 【M2】______ correspondence has disappeared. Many people, as a matter of fact, prefer that letters written to them to be prepared on the typewriter, 【M3】______ since it makes them easier to read. Typewriting becomes fashionable with the development of social patterns. Mark Twain is reputed to being the worlds first 【M4】______ author to use a typewriter. His manuscript. for Life on the Mississippi arrived at the publisher neatly set down in typewritten form. On the 【M5】______ other hand, the objections to the typewriter are that it is less personal and that it suggests that the writer was too much of a hurry to sit 【M6】______ down and write in longhand. Ones handwriting is in some ways as much an expression of his personality like his voice, and in 【M7】______ correspondence between friends a great deal of the writer is missing if he uses a typewriter. Therefore, the typewriter is often avoided in letters which express friend and personal sentiments. 【M8】______ However, the typewriter had become so popular that the Remington Company received a letter from Mark Twain, which today seems most ironic: "I have stopped using the Type-Writer, for the reason that I never could write a letter with it to anybody with 【M9】______ receiving a request by return mail that I would not describe the 【M10】______ machine but also state what progress I had made in using it, etc. I dont like to write letters, so I dont want people to know that I own this curiosity breeding little joker."

【M1】

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第6题

The first invention of mankind was the wheel. The invention of the wheel is probably the

most important invention of all time. Without the wheel, the world simply wouldnt exist as we know. 【M1】______ The invention of the wheel was at the root of the Industrial Revolution, which it would take a long time to get there. 【M2】______ Although no wheel forms are found in nature; undoubtedly the earliest "wheels" were smooth logs which were used for moving weights over the earths surface. It is a mystery so as to who 【M3】______ invented the first wheel. No one recorded who was or when it 【M4】______ happened; but when the first inventor has placed a wheel on an axle, mankind began to roll on one place to another. This type of wheel 【M5】______ have been found among Egyptian relics dating back due to 2,000 B.C, 【M6】______ and earlier Chinese civilizations are credited with independent invention of the same mechanism. The wheel so fascinated man that he has spent centuries building machines around them; yet in over 4,000 years he has not 【M7】______ changed its basic design. All about us we see the spinning shafts, gears, flywheels, and rotors are the descendants of the first wheel. 【M8】______ The roaring propeller of an aircraft engine, the whirling wheel of a giant steam turbine, and the hairspring of a tiny watch are examples of the motorized motion which characterizes our 【M9】______ mechanism world. It is hard to conceive of continuous motion 【M10】______ without the wheel.

【M1】

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第7题

One of the many questions brought up is in regards with whether or not cloning should be

an option for 【M1】______ parents that are considering having children. Many problems often occur with couples involve the issue of 【M2】______ infertility. Some people believe that cloning should aim its main focus to help infertile couples — and they 【M3】______ will likely conclude that there is nothing wrong with it. The scarcely hidden assumption is that anything which 【M4】______ helps overcome infertility is morally appropriate. As 【M5】______ in vitro fertilization so popular in todays society among infertile couples, who is to say that in the future, cloning wont take over? Cloning is noticed to 【M6】______ be better for treating infertility in a sense that it can 【M7】______ eliminate health problems with the child from the beginning. This proves to be beneficial in the way that a couple is more than likely guaranteed a healthful 【M8】______ child. Cloning does not, however, always prove to be beneficial. For example, in the case when a certain 【M9】______ disease is on the rise and one of the three clones gets it, the immune system of other two clones is identical 【M10】______ which proves that they have no guard against diseases.

【M1】

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第8题

If you intend using humor in the talk to make people smiling, 【M1】______ you must know ho

w to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant for the audience and should help to 【M2】______ show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing to, the problems will be different. If 【M3】______ you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment their 【M4】______ disorganized bosses. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and that will be appropriate for you to 【M5】______ make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans bad taste in ties. With other audiences you cant 【M6】______ attempt to cut in with humor simply for they will resent an 【M7】______ outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats as the Post Office or the telephone system. 【M8】______ If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Including a few casual and 【M9】______ apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-heart remark. 【M10】______

【M1】

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第9题

Pollution occurs whenever unnatural substances are introduced into an environment. Most

ocean pollution caused by humans are concentrated along the 【M1】______ coasts of continents. Lets see what some of the pollutants are. Industrial wastes sometimes get to seawater. Often, 【M2】______ these contain(concentrations)of metals and chemicals that harm organisms. Solid wastes, such as plastic bags and fishing line left lying on the beaches, can entangle in animals. Medical waste such as needles, plastic 【M3】______ tubing, and bags are a threat to both humans and animals. Pesticides, which include herbicides(weed killers) and insecticides(insect killers), used in farming reaching the ocean as runoff. They become 【M4】______ concentrating in the tissues of marine organisms. 【M5】______ Crop fertilizers and human sewage create a different kind of problem. They fertilize the water. This causes some types of algae to produce very rapidly. 【M6】______ When these algae die, theyre decomposed by huge amount of bacteria. The problem is that the bacteria use 【M7】______ up much of the oxygen in the water during respiration. However, other organisms such as fish cant get the 【M8】______ oxygen they need, and they die. Oil spills also pollute the ocean. Youve heard in the news about major oil spills caused to tanker 【M9】______ collisions, and leaks at offshore oil wells. Another source of oil pollution is oil mixed with wastewater thats pumped out of ships. In addition to these resources, oil discarded from cars and industries is 【M10】______ sometimes dumped into streams. It, too, eventually reaches the ocean.

【M1】

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第10题

The Stockholm Conference undermined recognition 【M1】______ of the environment as a holist

ic entity, the "biosphere" to be protected in its entirety by international law and organizations. This was a novel concept for governments. 【M2】______ Some resisted the idea as unnecessary and misleading. They contended that the actual problems — say, polluted water or toxic pesticides — had to be dealt in by specialized 【M3】______ bodies and specific rule. To lump numerous disparate problems under a single head and one all-embracing legal regime, it was arguing, would only result in a new 【M4】______ bureaucracy and do nothing to solve concrete problems. 【M5】______ These concerns, it must be said, were neither trivial nor far-fetched. They did prevail,however, in the face of the 【M6】______ mounting evidence of threats to human well-being from a variety of sources. Diverse as these threats were, they could not be seen as part of a general assault on the 【M7】______ "natural order". This view was reinforced as scientists produced reports showing the interrelationship of various phenomena affecting the natural environment. Diverse groups of people worried by specific threats and damage moved toward unity on a common cause. It became 【M8】______ apparent that protection of the environment was a powerful political force within many national States. The trans-border and global threats clearly demand 【M9】______ international solutions and norms. Inevitably, the environment, seen as a whole, became a concept in international law, as in politics. "Ecological security" emerged as a major goal of international relations. Obligations and rights were proposed to serve that project. 【M10】______

【M1】

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