One of the many questions brought up is in regards with whether or not cloning should be

第1题

If you intend using humor in the talk to make people smiling, 【M1】______ you must know ho

w to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant for the audience and should help to 【M2】______ show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing to, the problems will be different. If 【M3】______ you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment their 【M4】______ disorganized bosses. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and that will be appropriate for you to 【M5】______ make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans bad taste in ties. With other audiences you cant 【M6】______ attempt to cut in with humor simply for they will resent an 【M7】______ outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats as the Post Office or the telephone system. 【M8】______ If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Including a few casual and 【M9】______ apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-heart remark. 【M10】______

【M1】

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第2题

Pollution occurs whenever unnatural substances are introduced into an environment. Most

ocean pollution caused by humans are concentrated along the 【M1】______ coasts of continents. Lets see what some of the pollutants are. Industrial wastes sometimes get to seawater. Often, 【M2】______ these contain(concentrations)of metals and chemicals that harm organisms. Solid wastes, such as plastic bags and fishing line left lying on the beaches, can entangle in animals. Medical waste such as needles, plastic 【M3】______ tubing, and bags are a threat to both humans and animals. Pesticides, which include herbicides(weed killers) and insecticides(insect killers), used in farming reaching the ocean as runoff. They become 【M4】______ concentrating in the tissues of marine organisms. 【M5】______ Crop fertilizers and human sewage create a different kind of problem. They fertilize the water. This causes some types of algae to produce very rapidly. 【M6】______ When these algae die, theyre decomposed by huge amount of bacteria. The problem is that the bacteria use 【M7】______ up much of the oxygen in the water during respiration. However, other organisms such as fish cant get the 【M8】______ oxygen they need, and they die. Oil spills also pollute the ocean. Youve heard in the news about major oil spills caused to tanker 【M9】______ collisions, and leaks at offshore oil wells. Another source of oil pollution is oil mixed with wastewater thats pumped out of ships. In addition to these resources, oil discarded from cars and industries is 【M10】______ sometimes dumped into streams. It, too, eventually reaches the ocean.

【M1】

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第3题

The Stockholm Conference undermined recognition 【M1】______ of the environment as a holist

ic entity, the "biosphere" to be protected in its entirety by international law and organizations. This was a novel concept for governments. 【M2】______ Some resisted the idea as unnecessary and misleading. They contended that the actual problems — say, polluted water or toxic pesticides — had to be dealt in by specialized 【M3】______ bodies and specific rule. To lump numerous disparate problems under a single head and one all-embracing legal regime, it was arguing, would only result in a new 【M4】______ bureaucracy and do nothing to solve concrete problems. 【M5】______ These concerns, it must be said, were neither trivial nor far-fetched. They did prevail,however, in the face of the 【M6】______ mounting evidence of threats to human well-being from a variety of sources. Diverse as these threats were, they could not be seen as part of a general assault on the 【M7】______ "natural order". This view was reinforced as scientists produced reports showing the interrelationship of various phenomena affecting the natural environment. Diverse groups of people worried by specific threats and damage moved toward unity on a common cause. It became 【M8】______ apparent that protection of the environment was a powerful political force within many national States. The trans-border and global threats clearly demand 【M9】______ international solutions and norms. Inevitably, the environment, seen as a whole, became a concept in international law, as in politics. "Ecological security" emerged as a major goal of international relations. Obligations and rights were proposed to serve that project. 【M10】______

【M1】

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第4题

In less than three decades "multiculturalism" has become a word immediately recognizable

by policy 【M1】______ makers, social critics, academics and the general public in Western industrial countries. It emphasizes that acknowledging the existence of ethnic diversity and ensure the rights of individuals to retain their 【M2】______ culture should go hand in hand with enjoying full access to participate in constitutional principles and 【M3】______ commonly shared values prevailed in the society. By 【M4】______ acknowledging the rights of individuals and groups and ensuring their equitable access to society, advocates of multiculturalism also maintain that such a policy benefits both individuals and the large society 【M5】______ by reducing pressures for social conflict based on disadvantage and inequality. They also argue that multiculturalism is enrichment for the society as a whole. The adoption of multicultural policy models is 【M6】______ initially inspired by a desire to address the issue of how to integrate immigrant ethnic minority. The 【M7】______ experiences of those limited number of countries of Canada, Australia and Sweden which have explicitly espoused multiculturalism as a policy response to ethnic diversity have indicated that while the policy is certainly uncontested it has, nevertheless, shown 【M8】______ considerable durability. The application of any policy model will obviously be affected by the characteristics of the society which it operates. The attraction of 【M9】______ multiculturalism was its perceived ability to address policy issues associated with immigrant minority groups in a way that was consistent with special ideals 【M10】______ of a country.

【M1】

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第5题

One truly remarkable achievement that sets us humans apart the 【M1】______ rest of the ani

mal kingdom is our creation and use of language. Although animals can communicate with one another, their limited number of calls and gestures are merely isolating signals that convey 【M2】______ very specific messages(for example, a greeting, a threat, summons to【M3】______ congregate)in much same way that single words or stereotyped phrases【M4】______ do in a human language. On contrast, human languages are amazingly 【M5】______ flexible and producing. From a small number of individually 【M6】______ meaningless sounds, a person who is proficient in a language can generate thousands of meaningful auditory patterns(syllables, words) that can then be combined according to a set of grammatical rules to produce an infinite number of messages. Language is also an inventive tool. Most of what people say or hear in any given situation is not merely a repetition of what they have said or heard before; speakers create novel utterances on the spot, and the topics they talk about may have nothing to do with his current situation or the stream of ongoing 【M7】______ events. Indeed, language is the only form. of communication by which we can easily produce a variety of messages that are blatantly untrue (as in a lie or a sarcastic utterance)and otherwise figurative in nature 【M8】______ (as in the simile "Shes like a breath of fresh air"). Yet, creative as we may be in generating new messages, but other people who know the 【M9】______ language will be able to understand any and all of our ideas as long as each of our statements adhere to the rules and conventions of the 【M10】______ language we are speaking.

【M1】

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第6题

By the twenty-first century, more people will be descendants of the non-Western groups t

hat anthropologists have traditionally studied. Its easy to see that solutions for future problems will depend 【M1】______ increasingly on understanding non-Western cultural background. The Southern Hemisphere is steadily increasing their share of world population, and the 【M2】______ fastest population growth rates are in Third World cities. Rural migrants move to slums, where they live in hovels that lack utilities and public sanitation facilities. Growing with 12 to 20 percent each year, the world 【M3】______ slum population will double in three to six years. If current demographic trends continue, urban population increase and the concentration of city dwellers in slums will be accompanied by increased rates of crime and 【M4】______ water, air, and noise pollution. These problems will be most severe in the less-developed countries. Therefore, 【M5】______ they will also affect the United States, which shares a front with Mexico, one of the worlds fastest growing 【M6】______ nations. As a result of petroleum — and chemical — dependent mechanized farming, the global food supply increased dramatically from the 1950s through the mid-1980s. Now, moreover, food production and food distribution 【M7】______ are not keeping up with world population growth. The gap will surely widen up if current trends continue. 【M8】______ Children will go on dying as starvation substitutes for more human means of limiting population growth. 【M9】______ Todays African famine areas provide a glimpse of things to come. From the global perspective, birth control and family planning are essential if resources are to be sufficient, if starvation, pestilence, and war are 【M10】______ not to stalk the earth during the third millennia.

【M1】

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第7题

The groundwater system is similar to a river system. Therefore, instead of having channel

s that 【M1】______ connect different parts of the drainage basin, the groundwater system has connecting pores. Some soils and rock have connecting pores where water can move 【M2】______ through. Soils and rock are permeable and water can 【M3】______ pass through them this way. Sandstone is a common permeable rock. Soil or rock that have many large connected pores 【M4】______ is very permeable. Water can pass through it easily. Soil or rock that has few or small pores is not permeable 【M5】______ because water cant easily pass through. Some material, such as clay, has very small pores or no pores at all. Water cant pass through this impermeable material. How deep into Earths crust do you suppose groundwater can go? That depends on the permeability of soil and rock. Groundwater will keep going to lower 【M6】______ elevations until it reaches a lay of impermeable rock. 【M7】______ When this happens, the impermeable rock acts like a dam and the water cant move down any deep. So, it 【M8】______ begins filling up the pores in the rocks over the 【M9】______ impermeable layer. A layer of permeable rock that transmits water freely is an aquifer. The area where all of the pores in the rock are completely filled in water is 【M10】______ the zone of saturation. The upper surface of this zone is the water table.

【M1】

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第8题

Some deviant uses of technology are criminal, though not all participants see it that wa

y. Downloading of music, typically protected by copyrights, is widely accepted. The pirating of software, motion 【M1】______ pictures, and CDs have become big business. At conventions and swap【M2】______ meets, pirating copies of movies and CDs are sold openly. Some of the【M3】______ products are obviously counterfeiting, but many come in sophisticated 【M4】______ packaging, completely with warranty cards. When vendors are willing 【M5】______ to talk, they say they merely want to be compensated for their time and the cost of materials, or that the software they have copied is in the public domain. Since most of these black market activities are clearly illegal, 【M6】______ many consumers and small-time pirates are proud of their behavior. They may even think themselves smart for figuring a way to avoid the 【M7】______ "unfair" prices charged by "big corporations." Few people see the pirating of a new software program or a first-run movie as a threat to the public good, as they would embezzle from a bank. Similarly, most【M8】______ businesspeople who "borrow" software from another department, even though they lack of a site license, do not think they are doing anything【M9】______ wrong. No social stigma attaches with their illegal behavior. 【M10】______

【M1】

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第9题

Schools are highly bureaucratic organizations. Many teachers rely in 【M1】______ the rules

and regulations of schools to maintain order. Fortunately, the【M2】______ need for control and discipline can take precedent over the learning 【M3】______ process. Teachers may focus on obedience to the rules as end itself. If【M4】______ this occurs, students and teachers alike become victims of the hidden curriculum. The term hidden curriculum refers to standards of behavior. that are deemed properly by society and are taught subtly in schools. 【M5】______ According to this curriculum, children must speak until the teacher calls【M6】______ on them and must regulate their activities according to the clock or bells. In addition, they are expected to concentrate on their own work rather than assist on other students who learn more slowly. A hidden 【M7】______ curriculum is evidential in schools around the world. For example, 【M8】______ Japanese schools offer guidance sessions during lunch that seeks to 【M9】______ improve the classroom experience but also to develop healthy living skills. In effect, these sessions instill values and encourage behavior. useful for the Japanese business world, such like self-discipline and 【M10】______ openness to group problem solving and decision making.

【M1】

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第10题

First, while language provides a means of saying and doing things, teaching is generally

being divorced from the use we make of language.【M1】______ We teach an unapplied system, rather than teach students directly to do【M2】______ things that they need to do through languages. Second, language is a social tool used by thinking social individuals. Hence we teach students【M3】______ to do and say things with language which is fundamentally insignificant【M4】______ to them as persons, and consequently they say these things formally and impersonally. A third great source of inefficacy is due to an effort to 【M5】______ teach all the students in a group at the same rate. We acknowledge that this is unfair to the capable student, but we probably do not realize the unfairness to the slow student, who is often taking as being 【M6】______ unintelligent. Theres no evidence that slow students are necessary 【M7】______ unintelligent, or unintelligent students are incapable of learning a 【M8】______ language. With proper designed courses, students, learning to do what【M9】______ they need to the language, can rise to unprecedented levels of 【M10】______ competence.

【M1】

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