预期形成机制（expectations formation mechanisms)

适应性(accommodation)

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分析小国经济中货币紧缩对于汇率的影响。在哪种意义上存在汇率“调节不足”的情况?当你考虑到套利条件在短期和长期都必须成立的时候。你的答案将作什么变化? Analyze the effect of a monetary contraction on the exchange rate in a small economy．In which sense is there an“undershooting”of the exchange rate?How does your answer change when you consider that the interest-rate arbitrage condition must hold in the short and long runs?

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假定A、B、C、D四国政府决定利用货币政策或者财政政策来提高总需求和总产量，对于每个国家来说。哪种政策能达到这个目标?也请描述政策对价格水平的影响。 a．A国实施固定汇率制，总供给为基本凯恩斯学派情形。 b．B国实施弹性汇率制。总供给为极端凯恩斯学派情形。 c．C国为固定汇率制。总供给为古典派情形。 d．D国为弹性汇率制。总供给为古典派情形。 Assume that the governments of countries A，B，C，and D have decided to use either monetary or fiscal policy to increase aggregate demand and output．Which policy will achieve this objective for each country?Describe also the effects of the policies on the price level． a．Country A has a fixed exchange rate and the aggregate supply is represented by the normal Keynesian case． b．Country B has a flexible exchange rate and the aggregate supply is represented by the extreme Keynesian case． C．Country C has a fixed exchange rate and the aggregate supply is represented by the classic case． d．Country D has a flexible exchange rate and the aggregate supply is represented by the classic case．

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利用IS一LM模型分析。在价格水平上升的时候，名义汇率会有什么变化?实际汇率会有什么变化?名义汇率与实际汇率是否会作相反方向的变化?为什么? Use the IS-LM model to analyze what happens to the nominal exchange rate when the price level rises．What happens to the real exchange rate?Can the nominal and real exchange rate move in opposite directions?Why?

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