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[主观题]

A improvement in production technology will shift the

A、supply curve to the right.

B、supply curve to the left.

C、demand curve to the right.

D、demand curve to the left.

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第1题

Despite efforts to provide them with alternatives such as the shelter, women frequently and repeatedly returned to violent and abusive partners. By the late 1970s, feminists at Women Together, like those doing similar work throughout the United States, began to understand that battered women experience a range of post-traumatic psychological responses to abuse, similar to those of victims of other types of violence or trauma. Subsequently, the psychological response of battered women became reified as "battered woman syndrome," a sub-category of post-traumatic stress disorder. Interestingly, in the course of trying to create social change, the focus of feminists perceptibly shifted to trying to explain why battered women fail to leave the partners who beat them. In trying to address this question, a debate ensued among feminists and mental health workers as to potential merits and problems of categorizing as mental disorder what many feminists labeled a normal response to fear and an appropriately angry response to abuse. Although many women left abusive relationships or successfully ended violence by other means, some responded to ongoing or accelerated abuse by killing or trying to kill their male partners. In many states, when they went to trial, such women found they were restricted from introducing testimony about the abuse they had endured or their resulting states of mind. In trying to address these women's needs, some activists and scholars advocated the use of expert testimony to explain battered woman syndrome to juries. This strategy would introduce evidence of past abuse and challenge the gender biases of self-defense law by explaining the woman's state of mind at the time of the offense. Feminist legal scholars raised potential problems in the use of battered woman syndrome. They argued that it could be used against women who did not neatly fit pre-established criteria and had the potential to become another example of the tendency to label women's normal angry responses as mental illness. While the desirability of working to admit expert testimony was debated, individual state courts and legislatures varied in their willingness to recognize battered woman syndrome, permit evidence of past abuse, or allow expert testimony. As the legal debate about battered women's responses to violence was beginning to unfold, the Ohio movement became directly involved in it when a former shelter resident, shot and killed her abusive common law husband. In 1978 Women Together, in conjunction with the woman's lawyer, decided to challenge existing law by trying to introduce battered woman syndrome expert testimony at trial.

Because at the time the syndrome had little scientific merit or legal recognition, the trial court declared inadmissibility, a decision upheld by the State Supreme Court (State v. Thomas 1981 66 Ohio St. 2d 51).

Women Together founders left the shelter to establish professional careers, viewing this as a means of advancing the feminist agenda. The frustrations, limitations and defeats they had experienced as outside challengers impelled them to adopt a strategy of infiltration and appropriation of the institutions they sought to change. For example, one founder, who had worked through lobbying for ERA America in addition to her other feminist activism, explained her decision to run for elected office by saying: "[When ERA was defeated] I decided to run for the legislature. I said 'I can do better than these turkeys. '"

Battered woman syndrome is ______.

A．a psychological response.

B．a sub-category of a specific stress disorder.

C．similar to that experienced by a range of victims.

D．all of the above.

E．none of the abov

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第2题

The single greatest shift in the history of mass-communication technology occurred in the 15th century and was well described by Victor Hugo in a famous chapter of Notre-Dame de Paris. It was a Cathedral. On all parts of the giant building, statuary and stone representations of every kind, combined with huge widows of stained glass, told the stories of the Bible and the saints, displayed the intricacies of Christian theology, adverted to the existence of highly unpleasant demonic winged creatures, referred diplomatically to the majesties of political power, and in addition, by means of bells in bell towers, told time for the benefit of all of Pairs and much of France. It was an awesome engine of communication.

Then came the transition to something still more awesome. The new technology of mass communication was portable, could sit on your table, and was easily replicable, and yet, paradoxically, contained more information, more systematically presented, than even the largest of cathedrals. It was the printed book. Though it provided no bells and could not tell time, the over-all superiority of the new invention was unmistakable.

In the last ten or twenty years, we have been undergoing a more or less equivalent shift—this time to a new life as a computer-using population. The gain in portability, capability, ease, orderliness, accuracy, reliability, and information-storage over anything achievable by pen scribbling, typewriting, and cabinet filing is recognized by all. The progress for civilization is undeniable and, plainly, irreversible. Yet, just as the book's triumph over the cathedral divided people into two groups, one of which prospered, while the other lapsed into gloom, the computer's triumph has also divided the human race.

You have only to bring a computer into a room to see that some people begin at once to buzz with curiosity and excitement, sit down to conduct experiments, ooh and ah at the boxes and beeps, and master the use of the computer or a new program as quickly as athletes playing a delightful new game. But how difficult it is—how grim and frightful! —for the other people, the defeated class, whose temperament does not naturally respond to computers. The machine whirrs and glows before them and their faces twitch. They may be splendidly educated, as measured by book-reading, yet their instincts are all wrong, and no amount of manual-studying and mouse-clicking will make them right. Computers require a sharply different set of aptitudes, and, if the aptitudes are missing, little can be done, and misery is guaranteed.

Is the computer industry aware that computers have divided mankind into two new, previously unknown classes, the computer personalities and the non-computer personalities? Yes, the industry knows this. Vast sums have been expended in order to adapt the computer to the limitations of non-computer personalities. Apple's Macintosh, with its zooming animations and pull-down menus and little pictures of life folders and watch faces and trash cans, pointed the way. Such seductions have soothed the apprehensions of a certain number of the computer-averse. This spring, the computer industry's efforts are reaching a culmination of sorts. Microsoft, Bill Gates' giant corporation, is to bring out a program package called Microsoft Bob, designed by Mr Gates' wife, Melinda French, and intended to render computer technology available even to people who are openly terrified of computers. Bob's principle is to take the several tasks of operating a computer, rename them in a folksy style, and assign to them the images of an ideal room in ideal home, with furniture and bookshelves, and with chummy cartoon helpers ("Friends of Bod") to guide the computer user over the rough spots, and, in that way, simulate an atmosphere that feels nothing like computers.

According to this passage, which of the following statements is NOT True?

A．It is because the Cathedral of Norte-Dame in Paris had many bell-towers and could tell time to people that the writer regards it as an engine of mass communication.

B．From Cathedrals to books to computers the technology of communication has become more convenient, reliable and fast.

C．Every time when a new communication means triumphed over the old, it divided mankind into two groups.

D．Computer industry has been trying hard to make people accept computers.

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第3题

The highest level of commercial navigational accuracy is provided by ().

A.DGPS，within a coverage area

B.SPS，without selective availability

C.PPS，without selective availability

D.NAVSAT，using the Doppler-shift

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第4题

Task 1

Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 through 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should make the correct choice.

The decline in the auto motive industry began with the oil crisis of 1973—1994, when gasoline prices rose over 300 percent. Almost immediately, consumers began switching to smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, which were the strengths of the major auto importers. This shift in demand from large to smaller cars did not reverse itself later in the 1970s, and the foreign importers continued to gain market share. Detroit's efforts to produce competitive small cars were limited by its continuing expectation that large-car demand would soon resume. So only slowly did the domestic industry put its resources into small-car production, resulting in inadequate supply as well as inadequate concern for quality and performance. During this period, consumers discovered that similarly priced imports generally offered better performance and fewer problems than US-produced cars.

According to a recently-made study named Some Estimates for Major Automotive Producers, even GM, the most cost-efficient US producer averages close to $900 more per car than the least cost-efficient Japanese producer, Toyota.

Notice the single most important factor in Japanese competitiveness is not government subsidies (津贴) or a policy of "dumping" cars in the US market. Rather, it is labor cost. This difference of almost $2,000 per car favors the Japanese producers so strongly that all other comparisons virtually can be ignored.

When did customers begin to prefer smaller cars?

A．In the early 1970s.

B．Inthelate1970s.

C．From1973to 1994.

D．ln1994.

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第5题

Task 1

When did customers begin to prefer smaller cars?

A．In the early 1970s.

B．Inthelate1970s.

C．From1973to 1994.

D．ln1994.

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第6题

Task 1

Notice the single most important factor in Japanese competitiveness is not government subsidies(津贴) or a policy of "dumping" cars in the US market. Rather, it is labor cost. This difference of almost $2,000 per car favors the Japanese producers so strongly that all other comparisons virtually can be ignored.

When did customers begin to prefer smaller cars?

A．In the early 1970s.

B．In the late 1970s.

C．From1973 to 1994.

D．In 1994.

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第7题

A vertical shift of weight to a position above the vessel’s center of gravity will ______.

A.increase reserve buoyancy

B.decrease the righting moments

C.decrease KG

D.increase KM

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第8题

After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but

remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the

first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimately,

however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author

5 Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children's

literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity

of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.

Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles for

instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional

10 entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's book market

expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria

Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructive

enough to allay adult distrust of fiction,

American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812

15 with the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything, and the self-conscious new

nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for

the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers

of children's books began to encourage American writers to write for American children.

When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive

20 to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's,

stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care,

of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses,

successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative as

they were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable from their British

25 counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means

disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of

birth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious.

self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier

American moralistic tradition in children's books.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

A．The career of Maria Edgeworth as an author of children's books

B．The development of children's literature in the United States

C．Successful publishers of children's books in Britain and North America

D．Basic differences between British and American literature for children

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第9题

SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST

Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.

听力原文： Pakistan's southern Baluchistan and Sindh provinces are used to heavy rains during the annual monsoon season. But, this year, the floods are much worse than normal. The United Nations estimates more than 2.5 million people are. affected. It says up to 400 people are dead and more are missing. It reports that nearly 400,000 people are homeless. U.N. Emergency Relief Coordinator, John Holmes, says the biggest slice of the $38 million appeal will go toward restoring peoples livelihoods as quickly as possible. That means bringing the devastated agricultural sector back to normal. The next biggest need is for shelter. He says hundreds of thousands of homeless people are living with friends or relatives. Many are living in school buildings or in makeshift roadside shelters. He says this is particularly unpleasant, as people are forced to endure scorching heat and dust storms. Holmes says health is another important consideration. "So far, we do not have any reports of outbreaks of communicable diseases, but the risk is obviously very high given the conditions of hygiene in the affected areas and the monsoon season very high heat and humidity conditions."

According to the United Nations, nearly ______ people are homeless because of the floods in Pakistan.

A．4,000

B．140,000

C．400,000

D．40,000

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