The S in S phase stands for （）, because during this time DNA is replicated and histones are synthesized.

How are the stones healed?

The stones are heated by ______.

The World in a Glass: Six Drinks That Changed History

Tom Standage urges drinkers to savor the history of their favorite beverages along with the taste.

The author of A History of the World in 6 Glasses (Walker ＆ Company, June 2005), Standage lauds the libations that have helped shape our world from the Stone Age to the present day.

“The important drinks are still drinks that we enjoy today,” said Standage, a technology editor at the London-based magazine the Economist. “They are relics(纪念物) of different historical periods still found in our kitchens.”

Take the six-pack, whose contents first fizzed at the dawn of civilization.

Beer

The ancient Sumerians, who built advanced city-states in the area of present-day Iraq, began fermenting(发酵) beer from barley at least 6,000 years ago.

“When people started agriculture, the first crops they produced were barley or wheat. You consume those crops as bread and as beer,” Standage noted. “It's the drink associated with the dawn of civilization. It's as simple as that.”

Beer was popular with the masses from the beginning.

“Beer would have been something that a common person could have had in the house and made whenever they wanted,” said Linda Bisson, a microbiologist at the Department of Viticulture and Enology at the University of California, Davis.

“The guys who built the pyramids were paid in beer and bread,” Standage added. “It was the defining drink of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Everybody drank it. Today it's the drink of the working man, and it was then as well.”

Wine

Wine may be as old or older than beer-though no one can be certain.

Paleolithic humans probably sampled the first “wine”as the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes. But producing and storing wine proved difficult for early cultures.

“To make wine you have to have fresh grapes,” said Bisson, the UC Davis microbiologist. “For beer you can just store grain and add water to process it at any time.”

Making wine also demanded pottery that could preserve the precious liquid.

“Wine may be easier to make than beer, but it's harder to store,” Bisson added.“For most ancient cultures it would have been hard to catch fermenting grape juice as wine on its way to becoming vinegar. ”

Such caveats and the expense of producing wine helped the beverage quickly gain more cachet(威望)than beer. Wine was originally associated with social elites and religious activities.

Wine snobbery may be nearly as old as wine itself. Greeks and Romans produced many grades of wine for various social classes.

The quest for quality became an economic engine and later drove cultural expansion.

“Once you had regions like Greece and Rome that could distinguish themselves as making good stuff, it gave them an economic boost,” Bisson said. “Beer just wasn't as special.”

Spirits

Hard liquor, particularly brandy and rum, placated(安抚)sailors during the long sea voyages of the Age of Exploration, when European powers plied the seas during the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries.

Rum played a crucial part of the triangular trade between Britain, Africa, and the North American colonies that once dominated the Atlantic economy.

Standage also suggests that rum may have been more responsible than tea for the independence movement in Britain's American colonies.

“Distilling molasses for rum was very important to the New England economy,” he explained. “When the British tried to tax molasses, it struck at the heart of the economy. The idea of‘no taxation without representation’originated with molasses and sugar. Only at the end did it refer to tea.”

Great Britain's longtime superio

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

______ is regarded as "the corner stone" of English history because it laid down the basic rules for the English legal system.

A．Domesday Book

B．The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles

C．The Great Charter

D．Constitutions of Clarendon

The following trial balance relates to Keystone at 30 September 2011:

The following notes are relevant:

(i) Revenue includes goods sold and despatched in September 2011 on a 30-day right of return basis. Their selling price was $2·4 million and they were sold at a gross profit margin of 25%. Keystone is uncertain as to whether any of these goods will be returned within the 30-day period.

(ii) Non-current assets:

During the year Keystone manufactured an item of plant for its own use. The direct materials and labour were $3 million and $4 million respectively. Production overheads are 75% of direct labour cost and Keystone determines the final selling price for goods by adding a mark-up on total cost of 40%. These manufacturing costs are included in the relevant expense items in the trial balance. The plant was completed and put into immediate use on 1 April 2011.

All plant and equipment is depreciated at 20% per annum using the reducing balance method with time apportionment in the year of acquisition.

The directors decided to revalue the leased property in line with recent increases in market values. On 1 October 2010 an independent surveyor valued the leased property at $48 million, which the directors have accepted. The leased property was being amortised over an original life of 20 years which has not changed. Keystone does not make a transfer to retained earnings in respect of excess amortisation. The revaluation gain will create a deferred tax liability (see note (vi)).

All depreciation and amortisation is charged to cost of sales. No depreciation or amortisation has yet been charged on any non-current asset for the year ended 30 September 2011.

(iii) On 15 August 2011, Keystone’s share price stood at $2·40 per share. On this date Keystone paid a dividend (included in administrative expenses) that was calculated to give a dividend yield of 4%.

(iv) The inventory on Keystone’s premises at 30 September 2011 was counted and valued at cost of $54·8 million.

(v) The equity investments had a fair value of $17·4 million on 30 September 2011. There were no purchases or disposals of any of these investments during the year. Keystone has not made the election in accordance with IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. Keystone adopts this standard when accounting for its financial assets.

(vi) A provision for income tax for the year ended 30 September 2011 of $24·3 million is required. At 30 September 2011, the tax base of Keystone’s net assets was $15 million less than their carrying amounts. This excludes the effects of the revaluation of the leased property. The income tax rate of Keystone is 30%.

Required:

(a) Prepare the statement of comprehensive income for Keystone for the year ended 30 September 2011.

(b) Prepare the statement of financial position for Keystone as at 30 September 2011.

Notes to the financial statements are not required.

A statement of changes in equity is not required.

The following mark allocation is provided as guidance for this question:

(a) 15 marks

(b) 10 marks

Severe measures to discourage re-selling tickets for profits are illustrated with ______.

A．U2 concert

B．Super Bowl in early February

C．Rolling Stones concerts

D．the soccer World Cup in Germany

TEXT C

In Barcelona the Catalonians call them castells, but these aren't stereotypical castles in Spain. These castles are made up of human beings, not stone. The people who perform. this agile feat of acrobatics are called castellers, and to see their towers take shape is to observe a marvel of human cooperation.

First the castellers form. what looks like a gigantic rugby scrummage. They are the foundation blocks of the castle. Behind them, other people press together, forming outward-radiating ramparts of inward-pushing muscle: flying buttresses for the castle. Then sturdy but lighter castellers scramble over the backs of those at the bottom and stand, barefoot, on their shoulders—then still others, each time adding a higher "story".

These human towers can rise higher than small apartment buildings: nine “stories”, 35 feet into the air. Then, just When it seems this tower of humanity can't defy gravity any longer, a little kid emerges from the crowd and climbs straight up to the top. Arms extended, the child grins while waving to the cheering crowd far below.

Dressed in their traditional costumes, the castellers seem to epitomize an easier time, before Barcelona became a world metropolis arid the Mediterranean's most dynamic city. But when you observe-them tip close, in their street clothes, at practice, you see there's nothing easy about what the castellers do - and that they are not merely reenacting an ancient ritual.

None of the castellers can-give a logical answer as to why they love doing this. But Victor Luna, 16, touches me on the shoulder and says in English: "We do it because it's beautiful. We do it because we are Catalan."

Barcelona’s mother tongue is Catalan, and to understand Barcelona, you must understand two words of Catalan: seny and rauxa. Seny pretty much translates as common sense, or the ability to make money, arrange things, and get things done. Rauxa is reminiscent of our words “raucous” and “ruckus”.

What makes the castellers revealing of the city is that they embody rauxa and seny. The idea of a human castle is rauxa—it defies common sense—but to watch one going up is to see seny in action. Success is based on everyone working together to achieve a shared goal.

The success of Carlos Tusquets' bank, Fibanc, shows seny at work in everyday life. The bank started as a family concern and now employs hundreds. Tusquets said it exemplifies how the economy in Barcelona is different.

Entrepreneurial seny demonstrates why Barcelona and Catalonia—the ancient region of which Barcelona is the capital—are distinct from the rest of Spain yet essential to Spain's emergence, after centuries of repression, as a prosperous, democratic European country. Catalonia, with Barcelona as its dynamo, has turned into an economic powerhouse. Making up 6 percent of Spain’s territory, with a sixth of its people, it accounts for nearly a quarter of Spain's production—everything from textiles to computers—even though the rest of Spain has been enjoying its own economic miracle.

Hand in hand with seny goes rauxa, and there's no better place to see rauxa in action than on the Ramblas, the venerable, tree-shaded boulevard that, in gentle stages, leads you from the centre of Barcelona down to the port. There are two narrow lanes each way for cars and motorbikes, but it’s the wide centre walkway that makes the Ramblas a front-row seat for Barcelona's longest running theatrical event. Plastic armchairs are set out on the sidewalk. Sit in one of them, and an attendant will come and charge you a small fee. Performance artists throng the Ramblas—stilt walkers, witches caked in charcoal dust, Elvis impersonators. But the real stars are the old women and happily playing children, millionaires on motorbikes, and pimps and women who, upon closer inspection, prove not to be.

Aficionados (Fans) of Barcelona love to compare notes: “Last night there was a man standing on the balcony of his hotel room,” Mariana Bertagnolli, an Italian photographer, told me. "The balcony was on the second floor. He was naked, and he was talking into a cell phone."

There you have it, Barcelona's essence. The man is naked (rauxa), but he is talking into a cell phone (seny).

21. From the description in the passage, we learn that

A. all Catalonians can perform. castells.

B. castells require performers to stand on each other.

C. people perform. castells in different formations.

D. in castells people have to push and pull each other.

In Barcelona the Catalonians call them Castells, but these aren't stereotypical castles in Spain. These castles are made up of human beings, not stone. The people who perform. this agile feat of acrobatics are called castellers, and to see their towers take shape is to observe a marvel of human cooperation.

First the castellers form. what looks like a gigantic rugby scrummage. They are the foundation blocks of the castle. Behind them, other people press together, forming outward-radiating ramparts of inward-pushing muscle, flying buttresses for the castle. Then sturdy but lighter castellers scramble over the backs of those at the bottom and stand, barefoot, on their shoulders—then still others, each time adding a higher "story".

These human towers can rise higher than small apartment buildings, nine "stories", 35 feet into the air. Then, just when it seems this tower of humanity can't defy gravity any longer, a little kid emerges from the crowd and climbs straight up to the top. Arms extended, the child grins while waving to the cheering crowd far below.

Dressed in their traditional costumes, the castellers seem to epitomize an easier time, before Barcelona became a world metropolis and the Mediterranean's most dynamic city. But when you observe them up close, in their street clothes, at practice, you see there's nothing easy about what the castellers do—and that they are not merely reenacting an ancient ritual.

None of the castellers can give a logical answer as to why they love doing this. But Victor Luna, 16, touches me on the shoulder and says in English: "We do it because it's beautiful. We do it because we are Catalan. "

Barcelona's mother tongue is Catalan, and to understand Barcelona, you must understand two words of Catalan: seny and rauxa. Seny pretty much translates as common sense, or the ability to make money, arrange things, and get things done. Rauxa is reminiscent of our words "raucous" and "ruckus".

What makes the castellers' revealing of the city is that they embody rauxa and seny. The idea of a human castle is rauxa—it defies common sense—but to watch one going up is to see seny in action. Success is based on everyone working together to achieve a shared goal.

The success of Carlos Tusquets' bank, Fibanc, shows seny at work in everyday life. The bank started as a family concern and now employs hundreds. Tusquets said it exemplifies how the economy in Barcelona is different.

Entrepreneurial seny demonstrates why Barcelona and Catalonia—the ancient region of which Barcelona is the capital—are distinct from the rest of Spain yet essential to Spain's emergence, after centuries of repression, as a prosperous, democratic European country. Catalonia, with Barcelona as its dynamo, has turned into an economic powerhouse. Making up 6 percent of Spain's territory, with a sixth of its people, it accounts for nearly a quarter of Spain's production—everything from textiles to computers—even though the rest of Spain has been enjoying its own economic miracle.

Hand in hand with seny goes rauxa, and there's no better place to see rauxa in action than on the Ramblas, the venerable, tree-shaded boulevard that, in gentle stages, leads you from the centre of Barcelona down to the port. There are two narrow lanes each way for cars and motorbikes, but it's the wide centre walkway that makes the Ramblas a front-row seat for Barcelona's longest running theatrical event. Plastic armchairs are set out on the sidewalk. Sit in one of them, and an attendant will come and charge you a small fee. Performance artists throng the Ramblas—stilt walkers, witches caked in charcoal dust, Elvis impersonators. But the real stars are the old women and happily playing children, millionaires on motorbikes, and pimps and women who, upon closer inspection, prove not to be.

Aficionados (Fans) of Ba

A．all Catalonians can perform. castells

B．castells require performers to stand on each other

C．people perform. castells in different formations

D．in castells people have to push and pull each other

There has arisen during this twentieth century (as it arose before, in ages which we like to call dark) a pronounced anti intellectualism, a feeling that both studies and literature are not merely vain, but also (1)_____ untrustworthy. With people swayed by this wrong (2)_____ that there is little use in arguing, either for history or literature, or for poetry or music, or for the arts (3)_____.

With others, there is still faith that any civilization worthy of the name must be (4)_____ in a ceaseless pursuit of truth. Whether truth is (5)_____ through study or through the arts makes no difference. Any pursuit of truth is not only (6)_____; it is the foundation stone of civilization.

The (7)_____ for and reading of history is one of those approaches to truth. It is only ones all the arts and sciences are such (8)_____. All have their place; all are good; and each (9)_____ with the other. They are not airtight compartments. It is only in a few institutions, subjected to (10)_____ misinformation, that events like the Industrial Revolution are (11)_____ entirely to the historians, the social scientists, or the physical scientists. Only within the past hundred years have historians (12)_____ that what people have done in literature and art is a part of their history. Books like Uncle Tom's Cabin have themselves helped to (13)_____ history.

Even at the moment, when scientific (14)_____ becomes more and more specialized and the historian concentrates more and more fiercely on periods and (15)_____, it is becoming more (16)_____ to the layman that all this is part of one whole. Even on a (n) (17)_____ when textbooks are being written to introduce to the theoretical physicist his colleagues who are working as chemists or engineers on perhaps the same problem, the layman is far enough (18)_____ from all this specialization to see the whole, possibly even more clearly than do the (19)_____. Between history, biography, the arts and sciences, and even journalism, who could draw airtight (20)_____? Not laymen. Is not yesterday's newspaper history, and may it not become literature?

A．anyway

B．somehow

C．little

D．sometimes