题目内容（请给出正确答案）

[单选题]

Human infants learn to （) first before they are able to stand on two feet, which requires good coordination as well as physical development.

A.crawl

B.scramble

C.cramp

D.ramble

查看答案

如搜索结果不匹配，请联系老师获取答案

您可能会需要：

重置密码查看订单联系客服

安装上学吧APP，拍照搜题省时又省心！

更多“Human infants learn to （) firs…”相关的问题

第1题

Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each p

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文： There are between 3,000 and 6,000 public languages in the world. And we must add approximately 6 billion private languages since each one of us necessarily has one. Considering these facts, the possibilities for breakdowns in communication seem infinite in number. However, we do communicate successfully from time to time. And we do learn to speak languages. But learning to speak languages seems to be a very mysterious process. For a long time, people thought that we learned language only by imitation and association. For example, a baby touches a hot pot and starts to cry. The mother says, "Hot! Hot!" And the baby, when it stops crying, imitates the mother and says "Hot! Hot!'; However, Noam Chomsky, a famous expert in language, pointed out that although children do learn some words by imitation and association, they also combine words to make meaningful sentences in ways that are unique, unlearned and creative. Because young children can make sentences they have never heard before, Chomsky suggested that human infants are born-with the ability to learn language. Chomsky. meant that underneath all the differences between public and private languages, there is a universal language mechanism that makes it possible for us as infants to learn any language in the world. This theory explains the potential that human infants have for learning language, but it does not really explain how children come to use language in particular ways.

(27)

A．People differ greatly in their ability to communicate.

B．There are numerous languages in existence.

C．Most public languages are inherently vague.

D．Big gaps exist between private and public languages.

点击查看答案

第2题

When a human infant is born into any community in any partof the world it has two things i

When a human infant is born into any community in any part

of the world it has two things in common with any infant, pro- 【M1】______

vided neither of them have been damaged in any way either be- 【M2】______

fore or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, newborn chil-

dren are completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to

pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is noth- 【M3】______

ing the newborn child can do to ensure his own survival. With-

out care from some other human being or beings, be it mother,

grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to sur-

vive. This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast

with the capacity of many newborn animals to get on their feet 【M4】______

within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few

hours. Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes 【M5】______

for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human

infant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. 【M6】______

It is during this very long period in which the human infant

is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second fea- 【M7】______

ture which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a

capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now sug-

gest that language be "species-specific" to the human race, that is 【M8】______

to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed 【M9】______

in such way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies 【M10】______

that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally

and in colour, and just its they arc designed to stand upright

rather than to move on all fours, so they arc designed to learn

and use language as part of their normal development as well-

formed human beings.

【M1】

点击查看答案

第3题

回答下列各题 Adults are getting smarter about how smart babies are. Not long ago, researc

hers learned that4-day-old could understand 26______and subtraction. Now, British research psychologist Graham Schaferhas discovered that infants can learn words for uncommon things long before they can speak. He foundthat 9-month-old infants could be taught, through repeated show-and-tell, to 27______the names of objectsthat were foreign to them, a result that 28______in some ways the received wisdom that, apart from learningto29______ things common to their dally lives, children dont begin to build vocabulary until well into theirsecond year. "Its no 30______that children learn words, but the words they tend to know are words linkedto 31______situations in the home," explains Schafer. "This is the first demonstration that we can choosewhat words the children will learn and that they can respond to them with an unfamiliar voice 32______in anunfamiliar setting. " Figuring out how humans acquire language may 33______why some children learn to read and writelater than others, Schafer says, and could lead to better treatments for developmental problems. Whatsmore, the study of language 34______offers direct insight into how humans learn. "Language is a test casefor human cognitive development," says Schafer. But parents eager to teach their infants should takenote : even without being taught new words, a control group 35______the other infants within a few months."This is not about advancing development," he says. "Its just about what children can do at an earlierage than what educators have often thought. 第(26)题__________

点击查看答案

第4题

Once they are more than a month old, babies seem to learn readily. Moreover, solving a pro

blem or discovering the relationship between their own actions and an event in the external world seems to have its own rewards for infants.

The pleasure involved in such an experience seemed obvious in one study of two-to-four- month-old infants who were given a chance to control a yellow-and-green mobile. One of these mobiles was suspended above each infant, who play in a crib (小床) with a ribbon attached to one ankle. The other end of the ribbon was attached to the hook from which the mobile was suspended. As the infants moved about, waving their arms and kicking their legs, they learned to connect the motion of one leg with the bobbing(跳动) of the mobile. As they smiled and gurgled(咯咯的笑) at the moving mobile, the infants began to kick the leg attached to the mobile forcefully and precisely and only that leg. Apparently, they enjoyed controlling the mobile, for they would continue for as long as 45 minutes.

Nor is this pleasure in mastery limited to infants. In an experiment with fifth and sixth graders, the children were asked to solve some word puzzles that varied in difficulty. The youngsters smiled more, and reported far more pleasure, when they solved a difficult puzzle than any easy one. The implication is that human beings of any age-from infancy to old age- derive pleasure from intellectual mastery.

In the experiment, the infants ______.

A．kicked their legs randomly all the time

B．kicked the leg controlling the mobile most of the time

C．attached the colorful ribbons to their own legs

D．felt very tired and lost their interest soon

点击查看答案

第5题

What is Culture？Culture, in anthropology（人类学), the patterns of behavior. and thinking t

What is Culture？

Culture, in anthropology(人类学), the patterns of behavior. and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share. Culture distinguishes one human group from others. It also distinguishes humans from other animals. A people's culture includes their beliefs, rules of behavior, language, rituals, art, technology, styles of dress, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems.

Culture is the most important concept in anthropology (the study of all aspects of human life, past and present). Anthropologists commonly use the term culture to refer to a society or group in which many or all people live and think in the same ways. Likewise, any group of people who share a common culture—and in particular, common rules of behavior. and a basic form. of social organization—constitutes a society. Thus, the terms culture and society are somewhat interchangeable. However, while many animals live in societies, such as herds of elk (麋鹿) or packs of wild dogs, only humans have culture.

Characteristics of culture

People have culture primarily because they can communicate with and understand symbols. Symbols allow people to develop complex thoughts and to exchange these thoughts with others. Language and other forms of symbolic communication, such as art, enable people to create, explain, and record new ideas and information.

A symbol has either an indirect connection or no connection at all with the object, idea, feeling, or behavior. to which it refers. For instance, most people in the United States find some meaning in the combination of the colors red, white, and blue. But those colors themselves have nothing to do with, for instance, the land that people call the United States, the concept of patriotism, or the U.S. national anthem (圣歌), 7he Star Spangled Banner.

People have the capacity at birth to construct, understand, and communicate through symbols, primarily by using language. Research has shown, for example, that infants have a basic structure of language—a sort of universal grammar—built into their minds. Infants are thus predisposed(有……倾向) to learn the languages spoken by the people around them.

Language provides a means to store, process, and communicate amounts of information that vastly exceed the capabilities of nonhuman animals. For instance, chimpanzees (黑猩猩), the closest genetic relatives of humans, use h few dozen calls and a variety of gestures to communicate in the wild. People have taught some chimps (黑猩猩) to communicate using American Sign Language and picture-bused languages, and some have developed vocabularies of a few hundred words. But an unabridged (完整的) English dictionary might contain more than half-a-million vocabulary entries. Chimpanzees have also not clearly demonstrated the ability to use grammar, which is crucial for communicating complex thoughts.

In addition, the human vocal tract, unlike that of chimpanzees and other animals, can create and articulate a wide enough variety of sounds to create millions of distinct words. In fact, each human language uses only a fraction of the sounds humans can make. The human brain also contains areas dedicated to the production and interpretation of speech, which other animals lack. Thus, humans are predisposed in many ways to use symbolic communication.

People are not born with culture; they have to learn it. For instance, people must learn to speak and understand a language and to abide by the rules of a society. In many societies, all people mast learn to produce and prepare food and to construct shelters. In other societies, people must learn a skill to earn money, which they then use to provide for themselves. In all human societies, children learn culture from adults. Anthropologists call this process enculturation, or cultural transmission.

Encultu

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

点击查看答案

第6题

Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their BrothersYoung female chimps are faster and better learn

Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers

Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys

While young male chimps pass their time playing, young female chimps carefully study their mothers. AS a result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys.

Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in .Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, spent four years watching how young 'chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania learned "cultural behavior".

The sex differences in learning behavior. were "consistent and strikingly apparent", says the team. The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing. "A sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans," they write in the journal Nature.

Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior. and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths;

Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, Where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average. Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not.

Instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound. Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers.

Lonsdorf adds that there are just two main sources of animal portein for chimps -- the termites or colobus monkeys. "Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant. This makes hunting difficult," she says. "Adult females spend more time fishing, for termites than males." So becoming proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat better. "They can watch their offspring at the same time. The young of both sexes seem to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles at a very young age."

Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chirnps at fishing for termites？

A．Because young female chimps don't play with their brothers.

B．Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier.

C．Because young male chimps never learn to fish for termites.

D．Because young male chimps are not interested in termites.

点击查看答案

第7题

The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of the

trust. The crucial time for its emergence is the first year of life. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept "sense of trust" is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child's satisfying experiences at this early age. Or, to say it another way, this psychological formulation serves to condense, summarize, and synthesize the most important underlying changes, which give meaning to the infant's concrete and diversified experience.

Trust can exist only in relation to something. Consequently, a sense of trust cannot develop until infants are old enough to be aware of objects and persons and to have some feeling that they are separate individuals. At about 3 months of age, babies are likely to smile, if somebody comes close and talks to them. This shows that they are aware of the approach of the other person, that pleasurable sensations are aroused. If, however, the person moves too quickly or speaks too sharply, these babies may look and cry. They will not "trust" the unusual situation but will have a feeling of uneasiness, of mistrust, instead.

Experience connected with feeding are a prime source for the development of trust. At around 4 months of age, a hungry baby will grow quiet and show signs of pleasure at the sound of an approaching footstep, anticipating (trusting) that he or she will be held and fed. This repeated experience of being hungry, seeing food, receiving food, and feeling relieved and comforted assures the baby that the world is a dependable place.

Later experiences, starting at around 5 months of age, add another dimension to the sense of trust. Though endless repetitions of attempts to grasp for and hold objects, most babies are finally successful in controlling and adapting their movements in such a way as to reach their goal. Through these and other feats of muscular coordination, babies are gradually able to trust their own bodies to do their bidding.

Studies of mentally-ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy. Similarly, it is a common finding of psychological and social investigators that individuals diagnosed as "psychopathic personalities" were so unloved in infancy that they have no reason to trust the human race and therefore, no feeling of responsibility toward their fellow human beings.

What dose "this psychological formulation" (Paragraph 1) refer to？

A．Characteristic flavor.

B．Satisfying experiences.

C．Concrete and diversified experience.

D．Sense of trust.

点击查看答案

第8题

According to the author, infants learn the meanings of words through______.A．hearing words

According to the author, infants learn the meanings of words through______.

A．hearing words repeatedly

B．the association of words and actions

C．their mother"s love

D．a bath of physical sensations

点击查看答案

第9题

听力原文：LecturerToday, in our series of lectures on human language, we are going to be lo

听力原文：Lecturer

Today, in our series of lectures on human language, we are going to be looking at the way in which children acquire language. The study of how people learn to speak has proved to be one of the most fascinating, important and complex branches of language study. So let's look at these three features in turn. Firstly--why is it fascinating？ This stems from the natural interest people take in the developing abilities of young children. People are fascinated by the way in which children learn, particularly their own children!

Secondly, it is important to study how we acquire our first language, because the study of child language can lead us to a greater understanding of language as a whole. The third point is that it's a complex study because of the enormous difficulties that are encountered by researchers as soon as they attempt to explain language development, especially in the very young child.

In today's lecture we will cover a number of topics. We will start by talking about research methods. There are a number of ways that researchers have investigated children's language and these include the use of diaries, recordings and tests, and we'll be looking at how researchers make use of these various methods. We will then go on to examine the language learning process, starting with the 'development of speech in young infants during the first year of life. This is the time associated with the emergence of the skills of speech perception, in other words, an emergence of the child's awareness of his or her own ability to speak. We will continue with our examination of the language learning process, this time by looking at language learning in the older child, that is in children under five. As they mature, it is possible to begin analysis in conventional linguistic terms, and so in our analysis we will look at phonological, grammatical and semantic development in pre- school children.

In the second part of the talk I would like to review some educational approaches to the question of how linguistic skills can be developed. In other words, how can we assist the young child to learn language skills at school？ Initially we will look at issues that arise in relation to spoken language; we will then look at reading and review a number of approaches that have been proposed in relation to the teaching of reading. Finally we will conclude today's talk with an account of current thinking about the most neglected area of all, the child's developing awareness of written language.

Why is the study important to human？

A．Because people have an interest in children's learning.

B．Because it leads to greater understanding of language.

C．Because it encourages the researchers to work hard.

D．Because it is good to children's health.

点击查看答案

第10题

the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. With our care from some other human

being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to survive This helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet 4.__________

点击查看答案