【判断题】1. An application letter offers a history of your work experience and an outline of your skills and accomplishments.

Writing is not exactly a team sport. 【C1】______ a writer you spend most of your time chugging away by your lonesome, with only your words for 【C2】______ . But all the same, writing isn't a one way street: 【C3】______ we're not talking about diaries, all writing is meant to have an audience. You're not talking to yourself, you are having a 【C4】______ .

Many writers are only 【C5】______ aware of their audience as they draft their stories. Some believe the reader doesn't come into play at all until the story is finished, or the article on the editor's desk. But since we write to be read, readers are an essential part of the writing 【C6】______ itself. Your audience is an implicit part of your writing, as much as plot and characters. Your implicit audience helps 【C7】______ your story; it sets your tone and defines your style; it determines in part your choice of protagonist; it is the "ear" to your "voice". If we know how to write and what to write about, 【C8】______ we also know who it is we're writing for?

You are not writing fur your writers' circle, or your editor, or your mother-in-law who reads all your 【C9】______ drafts. No matter how important these people may be, they are not the "reader" I am talking about here, or 【C10】______ , they shouldn't be. Writers tend to become hopelessly blocked when they try to please specific readers. Especially when those readers are themselves writers. Or mothers-in-law. Knowing your 【C11】______ audience will help you avoid that particular trap.

The simplest way to start getting a handle on your audience is to form. a mental 【C12】______ of your ideal reader. What kind of person is he/she? Where does he live, what kind of job, what kind of hobbies does he have? What books does he read (and when, and how many)? Chances are, your ideal reader is a lot like you. We write 【C13】______ when we write for an audience with whom we can 【C14】______ .

Sticking with that audience is more important than you think. Too-harsh criticism from fellow writers or editors can undermine your confidence to the point 【C15】______ you write just to suit their tastes. Uncritical admiration of relatives and friends can make you sloppy and lax.

【C1】

A．In

B．As

C．for

D．With

Its only an arguably very willful misinterpretation of the ancient Mayan calendar to conclude the world ends on 21 December 2012. The question is why so many people are drawn by these tales 【M1】______ of impending destruction? Theres more reason to think it will 【M2】______ immediately lead to a planet-wide liquidation sale than if your desk calendar reaches the end of the year before youve bought a new one. Why are we so determined to think our days are numbered, and so willing to bend the facts to fit our delusions? My whole 【M3】______ unscientific theory is what stems from our understandable difficulty 【M4】______ grasping the walk-on part we all hold amid the sprawling enormity 【M5】______ of deep time. It is not easy to get our head round the Earth having 【M6】______ existed for billions of years, and with our own life in comparison 【M7】______ being an almost insignificant instant in the middle of it all. Thus 【M8】______ fleeting and so far from either end of the story that many of us behave like individual black holes, mentally warping time to write ourselves into the grand finale. Sooner or later, those who are convinced of our imminent doom will inevitably be proved right. The planet cant last forever — astronomers predict the planet only has around another 7.5 billion years when it is engulfed by the Sun and humans will likely have 【M9】______ disappeared much earlier. If we do have only the briefest lines in a seemingly interminable epic, shouldnt we make most of it while we 【M10】______ are on stage?

【M1】

【T15】

A.TO THE AUDIENCE

B.COMMENT ON

C.SUNNY WEATHER

D.BE APPROPRIATE A.YOU MAY WANT TO【T13】_______THEIR DISORGANIZED BOSSES

B.HE SEES WONDERFUL ACCOMMODATIONS, BEAUTIFUL GARDENS,【T14】_______ , AND SO ON

C.YOUR HUMOR MUST BE RELEVANT【T15】_______

D.IT"LL【T16】_______FOR YOU TO MAKE A PASSING REMARK IF YOU INTEND USING HUMOR IN YOUR TALK TO MAKE PEOPLE SMILE, YOU MUST KNOW HOW TOIDENTIFY SHARED EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEMS.【T17】_______AND SHOULD HELP TO SHOW THEMTHAT YOU ARE ONE OF THEM OR THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THEIR SITUATION AND ARE IN SYMPATHY WITH THEIR POINT OF VIEW.DEPENDING ON WHOM YOU ARE ADDRESSING, THE PROBLEMS WILL BE DIFFERENT.IF YOU ARE TALKING TO A GROUP OF MANAGERS, YOU MAY REFER TO THE DISORGANIZED METHODS OF THEIR SECRETARIES; ALTERNATIVELY IF YOU ARE ADDRESSING SECRETARIES,【T18】______. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE, WHICH I HEARD AT A NURSES" CONVENTION, OF A STORY WHICH WORKS WELL BECAUSE THE AUDIENCE ALL SHARED THE SAME VIEW OF DOCTORS.A MAN ARRIVES IN HEAVEN ANDIS BEING SHOWN AROUND BY ST.PETER.【T19】______.EVERYONE IS VERY PEACEFUL, POLITEAND FRIENDLY UNTIL, WAITING IN A LINE FOR LUNCH, THE NEW ARRIVAL IS SUDDENLY PUSHED ASIDE BY A MAN IN A WHITE COAT, WHO RUSHES TO THE HEAD OF THE LINE, GRABS HIS FOOD AND STAMPS OVER TO A TABLE BY HIMSEL

F."WHO IS THAT?" THE NEW ARRIVAL ASKED ST.PETER."OH, THAT"S GOD,"CAME THE REPLY, "BUT SOMETIMES HE THINKS HE"S A DOCTOR." IF YOU ARE PART OF THE GROUP WHICH YOU ARE ADDRESSING, YOU WILL BE IN A POSITION TOKNOW THE EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEMS WHICH ARE COMMON TO ALL OF YOU AND【T20】______ABOUT THE INEDIBLE CANTEEN FOOD OR THE CHAIRMAN"S NOTORIOUS BAD TASTE IN TIES.WITH OTHER AUDIENCES YOU MUSTN"T ATTEMPT TO CUT IN WITH HUMOR AS THEY WILL RESENT AN OUTSIDER MAKING DISPARAGING REMARKS ABOUT THEIR CANTEEN OR THEIR CHAIRMA

N.YOU WILL BE ON SAFER GROUND IF YOU STICK TO SCAPEGOATS LIKE THE POST OFFICE OR THE TELEPHONE SYSTE

M.

【T16】

A.TO THE AUDIENCE

B.COMMENT ON

C.SUNNY WEATHER

D.BE APPROPRIATE A.YOU MAY WANT TO【T13】_______THEIR DISORGANIZED BOSSES

B.HE SEES WONDERFUL ACCOMMODATIONS, BEAUTIFUL GARDENS,【T14】_______ , AND SO ON

C.YOUR HUMOR MUST BE RELEVANT【T15】_______

D.IT"LL【T16】_______FOR YOU TO MAKE A PASSING REMARK IF YOU INTEND USING HUMOR IN YOUR TALK TO MAKE PEOPLE SMILE, YOU MUST KNOW HOW TOIDENTIFY SHARED EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEMS.【T17】_______AND SHOULD HELP TO SHOW THEMTHAT YOU ARE ONE OF THEM OR THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THEIR SITUATION AND ARE IN SYMPATHY WITH THEIR POINT OF VIEW.DEPENDING ON WHOM YOU ARE ADDRESSING, THE PROBLEMS WILL BE DIFFERENT.IF YOU ARE TALKING TO A GROUP OF MANAGERS, YOU MAY REFER TO THE DISORGANIZED METHODS OF THEIR SECRETARIES; ALTERNATIVELY IF YOU ARE ADDRESSING SECRETARIES,【T18】______. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE, WHICH I HEARD AT A NURSES" CONVENTION, OF A STORY WHICH WORKS WELL BECAUSE THE AUDIENCE ALL SHARED THE SAME VIEW OF DOCTORS.A MAN ARRIVES IN HEAVEN ANDIS BEING SHOWN AROUND BY ST.PETER.【T19】______.EVERYONE IS VERY PEACEFUL, POLITEAND FRIENDLY UNTIL, WAITING IN A LINE FOR LUNCH, THE NEW ARRIVAL IS SUDDENLY PUSHED ASIDE BY A MAN IN A WHITE COAT, WHO RUSHES TO THE HEAD OF THE LINE, GRABS HIS FOOD AND STAMPS OVER TO A TABLE BY HIMSEL

F."WHO IS THAT?" THE NEW ARRIVAL ASKED ST.PETER."OH, THAT"S GOD,"CAME THE REPLY, "BUT SOMETIMES HE THINKS HE"S A DOCTOR." IF YOU ARE PART OF THE GROUP WHICH YOU ARE ADDRESSING, YOU WILL BE IN A POSITION TOKNOW THE EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEMS WHICH ARE COMMON TO ALL OF YOU AND【T20】______ABOUT THE INEDIBLE CANTEEN FOOD OR THE CHAIRMAN"S NOTORIOUS BAD TASTE IN TIES.WITH OTHER AUDIENCES YOU MUSTN"T ATTEMPT TO CUT IN WITH HUMOR AS THEY WILL RESENT AN OUTSIDER MAKING DISPARAGING REMARKS ABOUT THEIR CANTEEN OR THEIR CHAIRMA

N.YOU WILL BE ON SAFER GROUND IF YOU STICK TO SCAPEGOATS LIKE THE POST OFFICE OR THE TELEPHONE SYSTE

M.

【T19】

A.TO THE AUDIENCE

B.COMMENT ON

C.SUNNY WEATHER

D.BE APPROPRIATE A.YOU MAY WANT TO【T13】_______THEIR DISORGANIZED BOSSES

B.HE SEES WONDERFUL ACCOMMODATIONS, BEAUTIFUL GARDENS,【T14】_______ , AND SO ON

C.YOUR HUMOR MUST BE RELEVANT【T15】_______

D.IT"LL【T16】_______FOR YOU TO MAKE A PASSING REMARK IF YOU INTEND USING HUMOR IN YOUR TALK TO MAKE PEOPLE SMILE, YOU MUST KNOW HOW TOIDENTIFY SHARED EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEMS.【T17】_______AND SHOULD HELP TO SHOW THEMTHAT YOU ARE ONE OF THEM OR THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THEIR SITUATION AND ARE IN SYMPATHY WITH THEIR POINT OF VIEW.DEPENDING ON WHOM YOU ARE ADDRESSING, THE PROBLEMS WILL BE DIFFERENT.IF YOU ARE TALKING TO A GROUP OF MANAGERS, YOU MAY REFER TO THE DISORGANIZED METHODS OF THEIR SECRETARIES; ALTERNATIVELY IF YOU ARE ADDRESSING SECRETARIES,【T18】______. HERE IS AN EXAMPLE, WHICH I HEARD AT A NURSES" CONVENTION, OF A STORY WHICH WORKS WELL BECAUSE THE AUDIENCE ALL SHARED THE SAME VIEW OF DOCTORS.A MAN ARRIVES IN HEAVEN ANDIS BEING SHOWN AROUND BY ST.PETER.【T19】______.EVERYONE IS VERY PEACEFUL, POLITEAND FRIENDLY UNTIL, WAITING IN A LINE FOR LUNCH, THE NEW ARRIVAL IS SUDDENLY PUSHED ASIDE BY A MAN IN A WHITE COAT, WHO RUSHES TO THE HEAD OF THE LINE, GRABS HIS FOOD AND STAMPS OVER TO A TABLE BY HIMSEL

F."WHO IS THAT?" THE NEW ARRIVAL ASKED ST.PETER."OH, THAT"S GOD,"CAME THE REPLY, "BUT SOMETIMES HE THINKS HE"S A DOCTOR." IF YOU ARE PART OF THE GROUP WHICH YOU ARE ADDRESSING, YOU WILL BE IN A POSITION TOKNOW THE EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEMS WHICH ARE COMMON TO ALL OF YOU AND【T20】______ABOUT THE INEDIBLE CANTEEN FOOD OR THE CHAIRMAN"S NOTORIOUS BAD TASTE IN TIES.WITH OTHER AUDIENCES YOU MUSTN"T ATTEMPT TO CUT IN WITH HUMOR AS THEY WILL RESENT AN OUTSIDER MAKING DISPARAGING REMARKS ABOUT THEIR CANTEEN OR THEIR CHAIRMA

N.YOU WILL BE ON SAFER GROUND IF YOU STICK TO SCAPEGOATS LIKE THE POST OFFICE OR THE TELEPHONE SYSTE

M.