To the opium dependent person, which drug will cause the withdrawal symptome？

A．Drug abuse will not do damage to the organs.

B．Injectable drugs are sure to cause AIDS.

C．There are no successful treatments for drag abuse.

D．There are various factors for drug abuse.

MDMA differs from the classic drugs in that ______.

A．it doesn't produce physical withdrawal symptoms

B．it is an addictive substance

C．its effect upon the body increases quickly

D．it fails to excite the mind of the users

MDMA differs from the classic drugs in that ______.

A．it doesn't produce physical withdrawal symptoms

B．it is an addictive substance

C．its effect upon the body increases quickly

D．it fails to excite the mind of the users

Drug Reactions m a Major Cause of Death

Adverse drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

"The incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospitals was found to be extremely high," say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.

They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined an ADR as "any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drag which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy."

An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the researchers. They estimate that "in 1994, overall 2,216,000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs." This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.

And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures.

The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.

Dr. David Bates of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. "When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded," Bates notes, "and patients receive drugs to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency." He believes computerized surveillance systems — still works-in-progress at many of the nation's hospitals — should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.

Researchers at the University of Toronto believe that

A．ADRs have caused medical problems, though they seldom lead to death.

B．ADRs have very often caused patients to die in Canada.

C．ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 years.

D．it is easy to prevent ADRs from happening.

The drugs used to prevent migraines can block the______ effects, which may cause the blood vessels to expand.

Passage One

Adverse (不良的) drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 U. S. hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

"The incidence (发生率) of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospitals was found to be extremely high," say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.

They carried out an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined an ADR as "any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses (剂量) used in humans for medical treatment."

An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the researchers. They estimate that "in 1994, overall 2,216,000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs." This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.

The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to ＄4 billion per year.

Dr David Bates of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. "When a patient develops an allergy (过敏症) or sensitivity, it is often not recorded," Bates notes, "and patients receive drug to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency." He believes special computerized systems-still work-in-progress at many of the nation's hospitals-should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.

Who wrote the report in the American journal?

A．The American Medical Association.

B．Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.

C．Doctors at an American hospital.

D．Researchers at a Canadian university.

From where will the researcher get the permission for the new drug?

A．The American Government.

B．The City Hospital

C．The Medical Research Institute

D．The U. S. Food and Drug Administration.

The Food and Drug Administration said Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.

The focus of the FDA investigation is pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: One is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow. The other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.

There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they don' t get into the food supply.

The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois will face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sells to processing plants.

Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with com that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.

Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning area of scientific research. "This is a small incident, but it's incident like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence," says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. "We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to whom we export are going to look at this."

The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn't inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn' t were sold to the pig broker. "Any pig who' s tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market," says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor for research.

But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university's agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. "The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to he used under any circumstance for food."

The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.

The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ______ .

A．Europe

B．an American research organization

C．a meat processing plant

D．an animal farm