题目内容
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A、Acoustic phonetics
B、Linguistics
C、Morphology
D、Phonetics
E、Phonology
F、Pragmatics
G、Psycholinguistics
H、Semantics
I、Sociolinguistics
J、Syntax
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更多“___ is the scientific study of…”相关的问题
第1题
A．Linguistics
B．Pragmatics
C．Semantics
D．Syntax
第2题
A．language of a certain individual.
B．human languages in general.
C．the system of a particular language.
D．the English language.
第3题
It can be a-general science that can be applied to any kind
of dynamic population, that is, one that changed over 【M1】______
the time or space. It encompasses the study of the size, 【M2】______
structure and distribution of populations, and spatial or
temporal changes in them in response to birth, death,
migration and aging.
Human demography is the most well known discipline
of demography, and typically what people refer when 【M3】______
using the term demography. Demographic analysis
can be applied to whole societies or to groups defined by
criterion such as education, nationality, religion and ethnicity. 【M4】______
In academia, demography is often regarded as a branch
of either economy or sociology. Formal demography 【M5】______
limits its object of study to the measurement of populations
processes, when the more broad field of social demography 【M6】______
studies also analyze the relationships between
economic, social, cultural and biological processes influencing on 【M7】______
a population.
Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) is regarded as the "father of demography"
for his economic analysis of social organization which
produced the first scientific and theoretical work on
population, development, and group dynamics. At the end of the
18th century, Thomas Malthus concluded that, if unchecked,
populations would be subject to exponential growth. He feared
that population growth would intend to outstrip growth in food 【M8】______
production, leading to ever increased famine and poverty; he 【M9】______
is seen as the intellectual father of ideas of overpopulation and
the limits for growth. Later more sophisticated and realistic 【M10】______
models were presented by Benjamin Gompertz and Verhulst.
【M1】
第4题
Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical characteristics and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to a different tradition.
The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthropologist, our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with a common problem, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any people function in the lives of the individuals.
Now customs has been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior. at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior. more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays inexperience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
According to the passage, we can say that anthropology______.
A．can reveal an enormous diversity of traditions
B．can deal with human beings as one group of the creatures in the living world
C．can provide insights into the relationship between human beings and nature
D．can distinguish the human race from other creatures
第5题
The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study more other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthropologist, our customs and those of a New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with a common problem, arid in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other, lie is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiated, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals.
Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior. at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior. more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
According to the passage, we can say that anthropology ______.
A．can deal with human beings as one group of the creatures in the living world
B．can reveal an enormous diversity of traditions
C．can provide insights into the relationship between human beings and nature
D．can distinguish the human race from other creatures
第6题
Modern anthropologists usually identify the establishment of ethnography as a professional field with the pioneering work of the Polish-born British anthropoliist Bronislaw Malinowski in the Trohriand Islands of Melanesia. Ethnographic fieldwork had since become a sort of rite of passage into the profession of cultural anthropology. Many ethnographers reside in the field for a year or more, learning the local language or dialect and, to the greatest extent possible, participating in everyday life while at the same time maintaining an observer's objective detachment.
This method, called participant-observation, while necessary and useful for gaining a thorough understanding of a foreign culture, is in practice quite difficult. Just as the anthropologist brings to the situation certain inherent, if unconscious, cultural biases, so also is he influenced by the subject of his study. While there are cases of ethnographers who felt alienated or even repelled by the culture they entered, many m perhaps most -- have come to identify closely with "their people", a factor that affects their objectivity. In addition to the technique of participant-observation, the contemporary ethnographer usually selects and cultivates close relationship with individuals, known as informants, who can provide specific information on ritual, kinship, or other significant aspects of cultural life. In this process also the anthropologist risks the danger of biased view points, as those who most willingly act as informants frequently are individuals who are marginal to the group and who may provide other than objective explanations of cultural and social phenomena. A final hazard inherent in ethnographic fieldwork is the ever-present possibility of cultural change produced by or resulting from the ethnographer's presence in the group.
Contemporary ethnographies usually adhere to a community, rather than individual, focus and concentrate on the description of current circumstances rather than historical events. Traditionally, commonalities among members of the group have been emphasized, though recent ethnography has begun to reflect an interest in the importance of variation within cultural systems. Ethnographic studies are no longer restricted to small primitive societies but may also focus on such social units as urban ghettos. The tools of the ethnographer have changed radically since Malinowski's time. While detailed notes are still a mainstay of fieldwork, ethnographers have taken full advantage of technological developments such as motion pictures and tape recorders to augment their written ac counts.
Which of the following may NOT give biases to the ethnographer's study of culture?
A．The people who answer his questions.
B．His own cultural background.
C．The kind of information he wants to get.
D．The changes made by his presence in the culture in question.
第7题
Modern anthropologists usually identify the establishment of ethnography as a professional field with the pioneering work of the Polish-born British anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski in the Trobriand Islands of Melanesia. Ethnographic fieldwork had since become a sort of rite of passage into the profession of cultural anthropology. Many ethnographers reside in the field for a year or more, learning the local language or dialect and, to the greatest extent possible, participating in everyday life while at the same time maintaining an observer's objective detachment.
This method, called participant-observation, while necessary and useful for gaining a thorough understanding of a foreign culture, is in practice quite difficult. Just as the anthropologist brings to the situation certain inherent, if unconscious, cultural biases, so also is he influenced by the subject of his study. While there are cases of ethnographers who felt alienated or even repelled by the culture they entered, many -- perhaps most -- have come to identify closely with "their people", a factor that affects their objectivity. In addition to the technique of participant-observation, the contemporary ethnographer usually selects and cultivates dose relationship with individuals, known as informants, who can provide specific information on ritual, kinship, or other significant aspects of cultural life. In this process also the anthropologist risks the danger of biased viewpoints, as those who most willingly act as informants frequently are individuals who are marginal to the group and who may provide other than objective explanations of cultural and social phenomena. A final hazard inherent in ethnographic fieldwork is the ever-present possibility of cultural change produced by or resulting from the ethnographer's presence in the group.
Contemporary ethnographies usually adhere to a community, rather than individual, focus and concentrate on the description of current circumstances rather than historical events. Traditionally, commonalities among members of the group have been emphasized, though recent ethnography has begun to reflect an interest in the importance of variation within cultural systems. Ethnographic studies are no longer restricted to small primitive societies but may also focus on such social units as urban ghettos. The tools of the ethnographer have changed radically since Malinowski's time. While detailed notes are still a mainstay of fieldwork, ethnographers have taken full advantage of technological developments such as motion pictures and tape recorders to augment their written accounts.
Which of the following may NOT give biases to the ethnographer's study of culture?
A．The people who answer his questions.
B．His own cultural background.
C．The kind of information he wants to get.
D．The changes made by his presence in the culture in question.
第8题
Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East a- bout 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from then flowed the marvel of agriculture, cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.
Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage?
A．They probably had extensive knowledge of plants
B．They thought there was no need to cultivate crops.
C．They did not enjoy the study of botany.
D．They placed great importance on the ownership of property.
第9题
把科学推理应用于人类行为研究是心理学的主要原理之一。
第10题
Psychological Testing is the measurement of some aspect of human behavior. by procedures consisting of carefully prescribed con tent, methods of administration, and interpretation. The test may address any aspect of intellectual or emotional functioning, including personality traits, attitudes, intelligence, or emotional concerns. Interpretation is based on a comparison of the individual's responses with those previously obtained to establish appropriate standards for the test scores. The usefulness of psychological tests depends on their accuracy in predicting behavior. By providing information about the probability of a person's responses or performance, tests aid in making a variety of decisions.
The primary drive behind the development of the major tests used today was the need for practical guidelines for solving social problems. The first useful intelligence test was prepared in 1905 by the French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. The two developed a 30item scale to ensure that no child could be denied instruction in the Paris school system without formal examination. In 1916, the American psychologist Lewis Terman produced the first Stanford Revision of the BinetSimon scale to provide comparison standards for Americans from age three to adulthood. The test was further revised in 1937 and 1960, and today the Stanford Binet remains one of the most widely used intelligence tests.
The need to classify soldiers during World War I resulted in the development of two group intelligence tests—Army Alpha and Army Beta. To help detect soldiers who might break down in combat, the American psychologist Robert Woodworth designed the Personal Data Sheet, a forerunner of the modern personality inventory. During the 1930s controversies over the nature of intelligence led to the development of the WechslerBellevue Intelligence Scale, which not only provided an index of general mental ability but also revealed patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses. The Wechsler tests now extend from the preschool through the adult age range and are at least as prominent as the StanfordBinet.
As interest in the newly emerging field of psychoanalysis grew in the 1930s, two important projective techniques introduced systematic ways to study unconscious motivation: the Rorschach or inkblot testdeveloped by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach—using a series of inkblots on cards, and a storytelling procedure called the Thematic Apperception Testdeveloped by the American psychologists Henry A. Murray and C. D. Morgan. Both of these tests are frequently included in contemporary personality assessment.
In educational settings, intelligence and achievement tests are administered routinely to assess individual accomplishment and to improve instruction and curriculum planning. Elementary schools use kindergarten and firstgrade screening procedures to determine readiness for reading and writing programs. Screening tests also identify developmental, visual, and auditory problems for which the child may need special assistance. If the child's progress in school is un usually slow, or if he or she shows signs of a learning disability or behavior. disorder, testing may clarify whether the difficulty is neurologically or emotionally based. Many high schools administer interest inventories and aptitude tests to assist in the students' educational or vocational planning.
In clinics or hospitals, psychological tests may be administered for purposes of diagnosis and treatment planning. Clinical tests can provide information about overall personality functioning and the need for psychotherapy; testing also may focus of some specific question, such as the presence or absence of organically based brain disorder. Clinical testing usually involves a battery of test, interpreted as a whole, to describe intellectual and emotional states. Dec
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
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