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is a complex process that requires a hierarchical approach in which decisions on network d

esign, inventory positioning and management, and resource utilization are combined to reduce cost and increase service level.

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第1题

Decision-making is a complex business subject which combines the most complicated elements of the operation al and theoretical aspects of management. The ability to use the decision-making process is often determined by environmental factors rather than the steps in some "ideal" model. Decisions are frequently influenced more by the environment and structure of the organization than by the method itself. The process of decision-making will, therefore, be examined in light of environmental factors.

One of these factors—social and cultural background—affects the interaction among people involved in, the decision-making process and provides the cultural framework within which they may comfortably operate. The best alter native for solving a problem, for example, might be to replace an employee who is unsuitable for a position. However, if in the society's culture there is a tradition of lifetime employment with one company, that alternative is not really feasible because of social and cultural restrictions.

With regard to the structure of an organization, there are numerous factors that may alter the "ideal" decision making process. The amount of flexibility within an organization and the available resources (such as facilities, technology, or fiscal reserves) are often controlling factors. The amount of data available may also limit the range of alter natives that can be considered. Another organizational factor is the importance of the decision being made related to other problems and responsibilities of management. The relative importance of one decision is weighed against the amount of effort involved in finding a solution and the benefit the company will receive from its implementation.

Three other factors also influence the following of a model decision process: time, creativity and risk. The amount of time available to make a decision for a given problem is often determined by the environment, not the management. The time factor may affect the creativity of the solution to a problem. The risk related to a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. Time, resources, and culture may affect the work ability of a group process, although research shows that groups often come up with better solutions than individuals.

Decision theory and the "ideal" decision-making model tend to picture the process as one in which managers operate by themselves, free of restrictions of time, data, and resources. The reality of the decision process is much less a step-by-step procedure than it is a series of practical considerations directly influenced by the social, cultural, and organizational environment.

The decision-making process is often influenced by ______.

A.the operational aspects of management

B.the theoretical aspects of management

C.the environment and structure of the organization

D.the method of decision-making itself

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第2题

Decision-making is a complex business subject which combines the most complicated elements of the operational and theoretical aspects of management. The ability to use the decision-making process is often determined by environmental factors rather than the steps in some "ideal'mode1 Decisions are frequently influenced more by the environment and structure of the organization than by the method itself. The process of decision-making will, therefore, be examined in light of environmental factors.

One of these factors—social and cultural background — affects the interaction among people involved in the decision-making process and provides the cultural framework within which they may comfortably operate. The best alternative for solving a problem, for example, might be to replace an employee who is unsuitable for a position. However, if in the society's culture there is a tradition of lifetime employment with one company, that alternative is not really feasible because of social and cultural restrictions.

With regard to the structure of an organization, there are numerous factors that may alter the "ideal" decision-making process. The amount of flexibility within an organization and the available resources (such as facilities, technology, or fiscal reserves)are often controlling factors. The amount of data avail- able may also limit the range of alternatives that can be considered. Another organizational factor is the importance of the decision being made related to other problems and responsibilities of management. The relative importance of one decision is weighed against the amount of effort involved in finding a solution and the benefit the company will receive from its implementation.

Three other factors also influence the following of a model decision process: time, creativity, and risk. The amount of time available to make a decision for a given problem is often determined by the environment, not the management. The time factor may affect the creativity of the solution to a problem. The risk related to a particular course of action may be lessened by use of a group rather than an individual decision-maker. Time, resources, and culture may affect the work ability of a group process, although research shows that groups often come up with better solutions than individuals.

Decision theory and the "ideal" decision-making model tend to picture the process as one in which managers operate by themselves, free of restrictions of time, data, and resources. The reality of the decision process is much less a step-by-step procedure than it is a series of practical considerations directly influenced by the social, cultural, and organizational environment.

The decision-making process is often influenced by

A.the operational aspects of management.

B.the theoretical aspects of management.

C.the environment and structure of the organization.

D.the method of decision-making itself.

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第3题

Matrix pricing is a process in which a bond’s yield-to-maturity is determined from bonds currently available in the market that have similar attributes as the bond being considered.

Matrix pricing is most similar to the :

A. Debt-rating approach only.

B. Yield-to-maturity approach.

C. Yield-to-maturity approach and Debt-rating approach.

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第4题

( ) is a process that consumers go through it to purchase products or services over the Internet。

A.E-leraning

B.E-government

C.Online analysis

D.Online shopping

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第5题

Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis--you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect. When you try to answer a question that what if, you attempt to determine what effect will result from a particular cause. You will have frequent opportunity to use cause- and-effect analysis in the writing that you will do in college. For example, in history you might be asked to determine the causes of the Seven Day War between Egypt and Israel. In political science you might be asked to determine the reasons why Ronald Reagan won the 1984 Presidential election. And in sociology you might be asked to predict the effect that changes in Social Security legislation would have on senior citizens.

22. Determining causes and effects is usually thought-provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate cause, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, this creating a causal chain. For example, consider the following causal chain. Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: The large sale cause her to be promoted by her employer (effect).

A second reason why causal analysis can be so complex is that an effect may have any number of possible or actual causes, and a cause may have any number of possible or actual effects. 23. An upset stomach may be caused by eating spoiled food, but it may also be caused by overeating, flu, allergy, nervousness, pregnancy, or any combination of factors. Similarly, the high cost of electricity may have multiple effects: higher profits for utility companies, fewer sales of electrical appliances, higher prices for other products, and the development of alternative sources of energy. Sound reasoning and logic are central to any causal analysis. Writers of believable causal analysis examine their material objectively and develop their essays carefully. They are convinced by their own examination of the material, but are not afraid to admit other possible causes and effects.

Because people are accustomed to thinking of causes with their effects, they sometimes commit an error in logic known as the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. 24. This fallacy leads people to believe that because one event occurred after another event, the first event somehow caused the second. That is, they sometimes make causal connection that are not proved. For example, if students began to perform. better after a free breakfast program was instituted at their school, one could not assume that the improvement was caused by the breakfast program. There could of course be any number of other causes for this effect, and a responsible writer on the subject would analyze and consider them all before suggesting the cause.

(21)

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第6题

( )is a process that consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet.

A. E- learningB. E-governmentC. Online analysisD. Online shopping

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第7题

According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of the process that discolors and toughens foods?

A.It takes place more slowly than glycosylation in the human body.

B.It requires a higher ratio of glucose to protein than glycosylation requires in the human body.

C.It does not require the aid of enzymes to attach glucose to protein.

D.It proceeds more quickly when the food proteins have a molecular structure similar to that of crystallin proteins.

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第8题

According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of the process that discolors and toughens foods?

A.It takes place more slowly than glyeosylation in the human body.

B.It requires a higher ratio of glucose to protein than glycosylation requires in the human body.

C.It does not require the aid of enzymes to attach glucose to protein.

D.It proceeds more quickly when the food proteins have a molecular structure similar to that of crystallin proteins.

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第9题

In the process of completing a work sheet, you determine that the Income Statement debit column totals $83,000, while the Income Statement credit column totals $65,000. To enter net income () for the period into the work sheet would require an entry to

A.theAdjustmentsdebitcolumnandtheAdjustmentscreditcolumn.

B.theUnadjustedTrialBalancedebitcolumnandtheAdjustmentscreditcolumn.

C.itisnotpracticaltoenterNetIncomeontheworksheet.

D.theBalanceSheet﹠StatementofOwner’sEquitydebitcolumnandtheIncomeStatementcreditcolumn.

E.theIncomeStatementdebitcolumnandtheBalanceSheet﹠StatementofOwner’sEquitycreditcolumn.

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第10题

______ is a process in which part of the form. is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.

A.Loanshifting

B.Loanblending

C.Loan translation

D.Logical connection

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