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1. Explain the following terminologies: The genera...

1. Explain the following terminologies: The generalized Hooke's law Strain energy per unit volume, for normal and shearing stress: Incremental theories: Total strain theories: Ture stress: True strain: 2. A cubic metal, with the edge length of 200 mm, elastic modulus E = 207×1000 MPa, and Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3, is compressed along Z direction, and the metal expands along X and Y directions. If the compression along Z direction is 200 MPa, in order to limit the expansion along X and Y directions within 0.05 mm, what is the compression should be applied along X and Y directions？

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第1题

The Metropolitan Police will no longer describe black people as black, as part of a new attempt to counter charges of racism in the force. Both black and Asian people will in future be referred to as "visible minority ethnics".

The term, which replaces the phrase "black and Asian minority ethnics" is expected to be adopted officially in January.

The decision was criticized yesterday as unnecessary and confusing by black police officers. Anna Scott, the general secretary of the National Black Police Association, said it amounted to a step too far by the "political correctness" movement.

"We have gone from saying ' black ethnic minority' to ' black minority ethnic' to ' visible minority ethnic' in a matter of years," she said. "There has been so much emphasis on the issue of terminology, that the issue has become confusing for black police officers, let alone white ones①. We are risking becoming too politically correct at the expense of being clearly understood by officers and the general public."

A senior police official told The Telegraph that some white officers were using the phrase so that they would avoid saying the words "black" or "Asian", for fear of causing offence.

The official claimed that the term would allow these communities to be distinguished for others—such as the Irish and the Greeks—whose members are, according to the new terminology, "invisible" because they tend to be light-skinned②.

In the 1960s, the phrase "colored" was officially used by some police forces. By the 1970s, this had changed to "black" to describe people whose ancestors originated from the Caribbean and Africa and "Asian'' for those who originated from the Indian subcontinent.

The phrase "ethnic minority" was also widely used as a collective term for both groups, but this was dropped in favor of "minority ethnic" five years ago, promising criticism that it was an improper use of English.

Bernard Lamb, the chairman of the London branch of the Queen's English Society, said that the new description was grammatically incorrect and over-sensitive. "I do not like this new term at all. The word ethnic' is an adjective and you cannot pluralize an adjective," he said. "They seem to have used a euphemism for black and Asian when I imagine most black and Asian people do not mind the empty words themselves at all."

The change will cost a significant sum of public money in retraining officers and rewriting manuals and a spokesman for the Metropolitan Police said that some senior officers were already using the term.

The spokesman said that the new term was not a redefinition but was meant to standardize the phraseology used by the police.

"Concerns have been raised about the nature and range of terms used in papers presented to the authority when discussing ethnicity."

"To ensure that there is a uniform. approach and understanding of terminology used in future, and that offence is avoided, the January meeting of the authority's equal opportunities and diversity board will make decisions about the terminology we expect to use," he said③.

The word "promising" in Line 2, Para. 8 can be replaced by ______.

A．giving rise to

B．indicating

C．guaranteeing

D．ignoring

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第2题

When composing a scientific abstract, you should b...

When composing a scientific abstract, you should be very careful about language use and style, including the correct use of words, tenses, sentence patterns, terminologies and other aspects. Read the following sentences from abstracts, identify any incorrect use of language and make suitable revisions. 1) This paper discusses/examines three issues. The first issue is X. The second and third issues are Y and Z. 2) Introduced status for optical fiber communication at first. Then described some enabling technologies of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). 3) I examined the use of deep neural networks (DNNs) in the context of photo editing. 4) According to Author et al. (2010), there is a significant relationship between X and Y. 5) This motivated us to explore the use of DNNs in the context of photo editing. 6) Clocks with carefully controlled phases tapped from a local ring oscillator are driven to a bank of input samplers to convert the serial bit stream into parallel data and the overlap of multiple-phased clocks is used to synchronize the multiplexing of the parallel data onto the transmission line. 7) Due to global initialized data, immediate values, address calculations, redundancy in external input, etc.; the same value is used at the same program point as much as 80% of the time. Please identify the possible problems in the sentences above, and then try to offer revisions for each of them.

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第3题

Part A

Directions :

Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on, each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Markyour answers on, ANSWER SHEET 1.

Text 1

A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the surprising discovery that a sudden increase in the volume of traffic through an area affects people in the way that a sudden increase in crime does. Appleyard observed this by finding three blocks of houses in San Francisco that looked much alike and had the same kind of middle -class and working -class residents ,with approximately the same ethnic mix. The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day ran down Octavia Street( LIGHT street, in Appleyard' s terminology) while Gough Street( MEDIUM street) was used by 8,000 cars a day, and Franklin Street( HEAVY street) had around 16,000 cars a day. Franklin Street often had as many cars in an hour as Octavia Street had in a day.

Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and trash secondarily.That is, the cars didn' t bring in much trash, but when trash accumulated, residents seldom picked it. up. The car, Appleyard determined, reduced the amount of territory residents felt responsible for. Noise was a constant intrusion into their homes. Many Franklin Street residents covered their doors and windows and spent most of their time in the rear of their houses. Most families with chil-dren had already left.

Conditions on Octavia Street were much different. Residents picked up trash. They sat on their front steps and chatted with neighbors. They had three times as many friends and twice as many acquaintances as the people on Franklin.

On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of community was disappearing as traffic increased. People were becoming more and more preoccupied with their own lives. A number of families had recently moved. And more were considering it. Those who were staying expressed deep regret at the destruction of their community.

46. Appleyard' s study focuses on the influence of _________ .

[A] traffic volume on the residents

[B] rate of crime on the neighborhood

[C] social classes on the transportation

[D] degree of pollution on the environment

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第4题

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the surprise sudden increase in the volume of traffic through an area affects a sudden increase in crime does. Appleyard observed this by fir house in San Francisco that looked much alike and had middle-class and working-class residents. The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day ran down Octavia in Appleyard’s terminology while Gough Street (MEDIUM street) had 9,000 cars a day and Franklin Street (HEAVY street) had around 16,000 cars a day.

Franklin Street often had as many cars in an hour as Octavia Street had in a day. Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and trash secondarily. That is, the cars didn’t bring in much trash, but when trash accumulated, residents seldom picked it up. The cars, Appleyard determined, reduced the amount of territory residents felt responsible for. Noise was a constant intrusion into their homes. Many Franklin Street residents covered their doors and windows and spent most of their time in the rear of their houses. Most families with children had already left.

Appleyard’s study focuses on the influence of ______.

A．traffic volume on the residents

B．rate of crime on the neighborhood

C．social classes on the transportation

D．degree of pollution on the environment

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第5题

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Your' re off work and hanging out at home.

Off your diet and into cookies, big dinners and champagne.

Off your schedule, and up nights with movies, videos or a good book.

Off your workout routine and skipping your morning swim or evening run.

In short, you' re off, free of responsibilities and pressure, stuffed full of food and fun. And you don't like it.

"All humans, and for that matter all species that are vertebrates and many that are not, have internal clock mechanism, "said George Brainard, professor of neurology at Thomas Jefferson Univer- sity in Philadelphia. " That' s not a metaphor. It' s an actual biological entity. "

As many people find themselves in the second week of enforced indolence because of the winter break -- whether because of school holidays or time off from work -- more than a few may be experiencing a peculiar sensation.

A wave of discontent at the luxury of doing nothing, of sitting around with time to spare, the commodity of the late 20th century that we' re constantly told is in dangerously short supply.

The sense is that you should feel great, but actually you don' t. You hate to admit it, but it might even be a welcome break to go back to work or school.

"I enjoy being off, but I enjoy coming back too, "said Virgina Woodard of Chicago.

After several days off around Christmas, she was back at her baby-sitting job on New Year's Eve, taking her 3-year-old charge to a museum.

"It messes up your schedule, and coming back is tiresome, " said Woodard, who nonetheless said she enjoyed her time off.

"I feel like I' ll need a week to recover to get back on my schedule, "said Joni Lederer. She and her family shared the holidays at their Highland Park home with another family, and she has spent the days since taking her two sons skating , bowling and to museums.

"Most people, " said Brainard, "do better and are healthier if they keep a regular social calender to their life that is somewhat consistent with their internal timekeeping mechanism. "

The changes in routine that commonly occur during the holidays come at a biological cost. Those changes disrupt the body clock, located primarily in the brain, and may produce an out-of-sorts feeling.

"Normal day-to-day routines and realities are very supportive of the internal clock structure that leads to good health, " he added.

When a person is off work and hanging out at home, he doesn't like it, why?

A．He has nothing to do during the holidays and so he feels useless.

B．His routine timetable is changed so he doesn't feel comfortable.

C．He doesn't have any responsibilities and pressures, so he feels uneasy.

D．If he feels happy during the holidays, work will be more unbearable when the holi- days are over.

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第6题

Upon starting your database, you receive the following error:You can choose from the following steps:1.Restore the database datafiles.2.Issue the alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 command.3.Issue the alter database open command.4.Issue the alter database open resetlogs command.5.Recover the database using point-in-time recovery.6.Issue the Startup Mount command to mount the database.7.Back up the database.Which is the correct order of these steps in this case?（）

A. 1,6,5,4,7

B. 6,5,4

C. 6,2,3,7

D. 1,6,3

E. The database cannot be recovered

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第7题

Part A

Directions :

Read the following four .texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.

Text 1

Revolutionary innovation is now occurring in all scientific and technological fields. This wave of unprecedented change is driven primarily by advances in information technology ,but it is much larger in scope. We are not dealing simply with an Information Revolution but with a Technology Revolution.

To anticipate developments in this field ,the George Washington University Forecast of Emer-ging Technologies was launched at the start of the 1990s. We have now completed four rounds of N our Delphi survey - in 1990,1992,1994,and 1996 - giving us a wealth of data and experience .We now can offer a reasonably clear picture of what can be expected to happen in technology over the next three decades.

Time horizons play a crucial role in forecasting technology. Forecasts of the next five to ten years are often so predictable that they fall into the realm of market research ,while those more than 30 0r 40 years away are mostly speculation. This leaves a lO-t0 20-year window in which to make useful forecasts.lt is this time frame. that our Forecast addresses.

The Forecast uses diverse methods ,including environmental scanning ,trend analysis ,Delphi surveys ,and model building. Environmental scanning is used to identify emerging technologies.Trend analysis guides the selection of the most important technologies for further study ,and a modi-fied Delphi survey is used to obtain forecasts. Instead of using the traditional Delphi method of pro-viding respondents with immediate feedback and requesting additional estimates in order to arrive at a consensus ,we conduct another survey after an additional time period of about two years.

Finally ,the results are portrayed in time periods to build models of unfolding technological change. By using multiple methods instead of relying on a single approach ,the Forecast can produce more reliable ,useful estimates.

For our latest survey conducted in 1996,we selected 85 emerging technologies representing the most crucial advances that can be foreseen. We then submitted the list of technologies to our panel of futurists for their judgments as to when( or if) each technological development would enter the mainstream ,the probability that it would happen ,and the estimated size of the economic market for it .ln short ,we sought a forecast as to when each emerging technology will have actually "e-merged. "

41. What we are faced with at present can be best described as a revolution in

[ A] information.

[ B ] advanced method.

[ C] science.

[ D] technology.

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