A ____________ of a smile crossed her face.

That experiences influence subsequent behavior. is evidence of an obvious but remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavior. demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.

Practice (or review) tens to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer. For example, learned behavior. that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species.

Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forgets is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

From the evolutionary point of view, ______.

A．the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability

B．if a person gets very forgetful of a sudden he must be very adaptive

C．forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously in adaptive

D．sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences

Mr. Smith, a passenger on the transcontinental train, appeared before the judge. A police officer claimed he had attempted to 【21】______ paying his fare. The defendant refused to consult a lawyer 【22】______ suggested that the officer 【23】______ aware 【24】______ all the circumstances. He appealed 【25】______ the judge, when interpreting the evidence, to 【26】______ into account the absence of any 【27】______ criminal record in his 【28】______ His ticket, he said, was stolen shortly before the train crossed the international 【29】______ . At that time and in that territory he was unwilling to 【30】______ the incident to the local railway authorities or cancel the 【31】______ of his journey, in 【32】______ of the severe maltreatment to which he might be 【33】______ He emphasized his readiness to 【34】______ any 【35】______ punishment the judge imposed.

In his summary the 【36】______ indicated he was convinced that Smith's 【37】______ was partly justified. Technically, 【38】______ , he had committed an offence. Crime must not be encouraged or the processes of the law interfered 【39】______ . He found Smith 【40】______ and fined him one dollar.

【21】

A．avoid

B．reject

C．refuse

D．neglect

Because Smith failed to show up for the job interview, he ______ the shortlist of applicants.

A．had been crossed off

B．was crossing off

C．has been crossed off

D．has been crossing off

Because Smith failed to show up for the job interview, he ______ the shortlist of applicants.

A．had been crossed off

B．was crossing off

C．has been crossed off

D．has been crossing off

Because Smith failed to show up for the job interview, he ______ the shortlist of applicants.

A．had been crossed off

B．was crossing off

C．has been crossed off

D．has been crossing off

That experiences influence subsequent behavior. is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called "remembering" . Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavior. demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.

Practice(or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to having survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.

In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids ori-entation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behavior. that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species.

The author's main purpose of the passage is to

A．interpret the function of forgetting

B．illustrate the process of adapting

C．explain the performance of memory

D．emphasize the importance of learning