Tobias George Smollett was best known for his picaresque novels such as The Adventures of Roderick Random.

Mark Twain: One of America's Best Known and Best Loved Writers

Mark Twain wrote "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" in 1884. Since then, the book has been published in at least 60 languages. Some people say it is the best book ever created by an American writer. American students still read this book. And parents, teachers and literary experts still debate the issues discussed in the book.

The writer who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens in 1835. He grew up in Hannibal, Missouri on the Mississippi River. After his father died in 1847, young Samuel went to work as an assistant to a publisher. 10 years later, he became a pilot on a steamboat that sailed on the Mississippi. He heard the riverboat workers call out the words "mark twain !" that was a measure for the depth of water.

In 1861, the American Civil War put an end to steamboat traffic on the Mississippi. So Clemens traveled west and became a reporter for newspapers in Nevada and California.

Began to Write

Later, he wrote funny stories and called himself Mark Twain. Twain became famous for his story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" in 1865. It tells about a jumping competition among frogs.

Twain also traveled a lot and began writing books about his travels. His stories about a trip to Europe and the Middle East were published in "The Innocents Abroad." And his stories about life in the western United States became the book called "Roughing It."

In 1870, he married Olivia Langdon and moved to Hartford, Connecticut. During the 1880's, he wrote books for children, such as "The Prince and the Pauper." It tells about a poor boy who trades identities with a member of England's ruling family. Twain also wrote "Life on the Mississippi." This book describes his days as a steamboat pilot and his return to the river 20 years later.

A Successful Writer and Speaker

Mark Twain was already a successful writer before he became famous as a public speaker. Over the years, he had invested a lot of money in unsuccessful businesses. In 1893, he found himself deeply in debt. So to earn money, he traveled around the world giving humorous talks. His speeches made people laugh and remember events they had experienced.

However, his later life was not a happy one. Two of his daughters died. His wife died in 1904 after a long sickness. Some critics think Mark Twain's later works were more serious because of his sadness. He died of heart failure in 1910.

Mark Twain was the first writer to use the speech of common Americans in his books. He showed that simple American English could be as fine an instrument for great writing as more complex language. Through his books, he captured American experiences as no other writer had.

Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn

Many of the stories take place in Hannibal, Missouri. The small wooden house where he lived as a boy still stands there. Next to the house is a wooden fence. It is the kind described in Twain's book, "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," published in 1876.

In that story, Tom bas been told to paint the fence. He does not want to do it. But he acts as if the job is great fun. He tricks other boys into believing this. His trick is so successful that they agree to pay him money to let them finish his work. "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" is considered one of the best books about an American boy's life in the 1800s.

Tom Sawyer's good friend is Huckleberry, or "Huck," Finn. Mark Twain tells this boy's story in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." Huck is a poor child, without a mother or home. His father drinks too much alcohol and beats him.

Huck's situation bas freed him from the restrictions of society. He explores in the woods and goes fishing. He stays out all night and does not go to school. He smokes tobacco.

&n

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Although he designed buildings throughout the world, he was perhaps best known for his work in Japan.

A．尽管他所设计的建筑遍布世界各地，但他最为人熟知的作品可能还是在日本。

B．虽然他的建筑设计作品遍布全球，但是最了解他作品的可能还是日本人民。

C．尽管他曾为世界上很多地方设计过建筑，但其最好的作品可能还是在日本。

D．虽然作为一名建筑设计师他曾在世界各地工作过，但是他最了解的还是日本的情况。

A、Aristotle’s science

B、Neoplatonism

C、Catholic theology

D、Christian faith

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Increasingly, the development of tourism is seen to have an effect on the environment. Erosion is one problem. The steps and stones of major popular sites like Shakespeares birthplace or Stonehenge are literally being worn away by millions of foreign feet. The remedy in the case of Britain' s best known prehistoric monument has been to use railings to keep visitors at a distance. Such measures can hardly be adopted in the house of the Bard, however, where tourists want to enter the actual building.

Overcrowding in cities, towns and villages is another problem. Traffic jams are an outcome. In narrow roads, tourist vehicles cause congestion. Local traders and residents cannot get around to do their work. Car parks fill up, so strangers park their cars where they can: in streets, across gate ways, in lay-bys, or even in private driveways. This causes obstruction. The sheer weights of incomers can be a hazard. Thus Venice, a city built for half a million inhabitants, is swollen by another half million who populate the city daily in the tourist season eight million visits each year. The mayor recently decided to limit visitors to 90,000 a day: the only way to save the city from inundation.

Pollution is a further consequence. The' Lakes are popular for people who enjoy water-sports, such as water-skiing, power boat racing and swimming, but boats pump sewage directly into the water. Facilities can be provided to prevent this happening, but this is costly. There are also problems with litter.

The threat to wildlife habitats is yet another result. Tourists around the Lakes destroy vegetation. This is harmful to animals which build their nests along the shores, Wildlife refuges have been created which have helped protect these natural sites. On the Greek island of Zakinthos, the breeding beaches of the rare loggerhead turtle are being threatened by tourist disturbance. Local conservationists try to monitor and protect the turtles but they have been attacked by the angry owners of taverns and hotels who make lucrative profits from bars or renting sunbeds and umbrellas. Government compensation payments for the loss of business might be the answer, but this would be costly.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

A．The development of tourism has brought about environmental problems.

B．Tourism should not develop at the cost of the environmental destruction.

C．Measures taken to protect the environment prove to be ineffective.

D．Tourism is developing for the sole purpose of making money.

The Masters of Business Administration (MBA), the best known business school label, is an introduction to general management. The traditional MBA, Harvard style, has remained largely unaltered since the 1950s, and seeks to provide a thorough knowledge of business functions through the case study—a feature incidentally borrowed from law school. In a similar fashion to law school, the graduate management programs train students to think in a particular way, ultimately teaching future business leaders how to analyze problems q9uickly and contrive(想出)concise solutions. However, business comprises more than merely manipulating numbers or sourcing rational answers to problems. Today, both companies and schools are increasingly aware that business is a human activity; it is ultimately by and about people.

John Quelch is a business school insider who detects the limitations of the traditional syllabus. According to Quelch, leadership is an area that schools have not fully addressed. "The basic technical training managers need is more wide spread. But leadership skills are in short supply. This could become a major constraint on the speed with which multinational companies can expand", he says. Leadership is notoriously hard to teach, but programs do have the capacity to provide a grounding in non-business areas and personal growth. "You want to produce graduates who will be effective. To do this, they need to know their own skills. Our job is not only to cram finance down their throats, but help develop them as people," explains Leo Murray, director of Cranfield School of Management in the U. K. Cran field uses philosophy in its core, which since 1997 has offered an evening lecture series en compassing (包括) both Aristotelian and present day thinking. Self-awareness is crucial at the school, which will grant the theme even more space. "These issues help people think," states Murray. The better you understand yourself, goes the logic, the better you can man age others. The Said Business School (SBS) at Oxford University champions a more integrated approach. John Kay, SBS director, is keen to leverage the intellectual might of the wider university. Access to faculty from other disciplines including philosophy, politics and economics, he believes, could give SBS an edge over other school. These are surely steps in the right direction. But there is more. In future, developing a gut instinct for business may be as important as understanding the figures. To create an MBA to meet the challenges of the 21st century business schools will have to try harder, and they know it.

Which of the following is NOT true?

A．The traditional MBA has remained the same for nearly half a century.

B．Harvard style. MBA courses emphasize case study.

C．In the past MBA placeda high premium on teaching students how to analyze problems quickly and contrive concise solutions.

D．MBA is a very specialized course on business management.

回答下列各题 The best known and loved of all our many Christmas songs SilentNight was written in Ｏberndorf, a tiny village in Bavarian mountains. On Christmas eve, 1818, Ｏberndorf had been 67 by a severe snowstorm, but 68 the inhabitants cheerfully prepared for the Christmas 69 Then they discovered, to their 70 , that the organ (风琴) had broken 71 . A village schoolmasterand church 72 knew how unhappy the people in the villagewould be, for music was the 73 of all their celebration. So he went to thepriest and 74 that the priest write a 75 song for the Christmas celebration that could be sung 76 any preparation. The priest promised to do his 77 Towards evening hewent 78 theschoolmaster with the lovely words of the song Silent Night. Then theschoolmaster composed a melody to 79 the words. On Christmas morning, the beautiful 80 was sung for the first time, A guitar was the 81 accompaniment (伴奏) and the words "Silent night, Holy night, all is calm, all is bright " 82 pure and clear in the Bavarian air. Thesong was not 83 to England until one hundredyears later. 84 have changed, but"Silent Night" has remained. It is still sung 85 comers of the world where people 86 thebirth of Jesus Christ. A．isolated

A.covered

B.enclosed

C.surrounded

Unfortunately, most of the science fiction films of the 1970s were not much influenced by 2001: A Space Odyssey, skillfully directed by Stanley Kubrick, which appeared in 1968, set new standards for science fiction films. During the next decade, every one of the dozens of science fiction movies released was compared to 2001, and all but a few found sadly lacking.

Admittedly, Kubrick had one of the largest budgets ever for a film of this kind, but, in my opinion, much of the movie's power and appeal was achieved through relatively inexpensive means. For example, the musical score, which was adapted in large part from well-known classical compositions, was reinforced by the use of almost kaleidoscopic visual effects, especially during the space travel sequences. Spectacular camera work was edited to correspond precisely to the ebb and flow of the music.

After 2001, the dominant theme of science fiction films shifted from the adventures of space travel to the problems created on earth by man's mismanagement of the natural environment and the abuse of technology by a totalitarian state. Overpopulation and the accompanying shortages of food prompt the state to impose extraordinary controls on its citizens. No fewer than twenty-nine films were made around this theme in the years between 1970 and 1977, including Survivors and Chronicle.

In the opinion of this reviewer, until Star Wars was released in 1977, science fiction films were reduced to shallow symbolism disguising to a greater or lesser degree a series of repetitive plots. But Star Wars was different. It offered us a return to imaginative voyages in space and confrontation with intelligent life on other planets. Unlike the other science fiction films of the decade, Star Wars presented technology as having solved rather than aggravated ecological problems. The special effects created to simulate space vehicles traveling very fast through the blackness of the universe were similar to the artistic standards set by 2001.

Which of the following statements is true?

A．2001: A Space Odyssey imposed a great influence on most of the science fiction movies of the 1970s.

B．2001 was better than most of the science fiction movies of the 1970s.

C．A few of the science fiction movies of the 1970s were found sadly imperfect compared with 2001.

D．2001 set new standards for all kinds of movies.