Define a clinical question should not include the element

The New York Times has reported on a problem that many of us have but are not aware of— Internet addiction. According to reporter Tara Parker-Pope, millions of us are addicted to being online. She says this is a growing problem that is making us more forgetful and impatient. Ms. Parker-Pope writes about various reports highlighting how technology is changing people. In one, she quotes cyber-psychologist Dr. Elias Aboujaode who says: "More and more, life is resembling the chat room. " He said we are living in "virtual lifestyles" which are negatively affecting our real-life relationships. Nicki Dowing, a clinical psychologist from Melbourne University in Australia, concluded in a recent study that 10 percent of young people had what she called " Internet dependence. " Tara Parker-Pope quizzed experts in this field on what the signs are of being overly absorbed in technology. She came up with seven indicators of "tech overload". The first is whether you check your e-mail before doing other things. Another telltale sign is if you always anticipate and look forward to your next online visit a sure sign of dependence and addiction. The third point is if you say, "just a few more minutes" when someone wants you. Parker-Pope found your interaction with others also says a lot about how important the Internet is, compared with your family and friends. Do you lie about how much time you spend online or choose to surf the Net instead of going out with others? Other giveaways include the "online lift" that stops you being unhappy, and when others complain about you always being online.

Which of the following can be the title of this passage?

A．Internet Addiction—A Growing Problem

B．Virtual Lifestyles in Chat Rooms

C．Indicators of Internet Dependence

D．Importance of the Internet

Learn as much as you can about a clinical trial________.

A．for some patients

B．before participation

C．in humans

D．medical knowledge

E．during the trial

F．candidates for clinical trials

What can be said about the experiments at Rocky Mountain Arsenal?

A．They have no practical value in earthquake prevention.

B．They may have practical value in earthquake prevention.

C．They are certain to have practical value in earthquake prevention.

D．The article does not say anything about their practical value in earthquake prevention.

What can be said about the experiments at Rocky Mountain Arsenal?

A．They have no practical value in earthquake prevention.

B．They may have practical value in earthquake prevention.

C．They are certain to have practical value in earthquake prevention.

D．The article does not say anything about their practical value in earthquake prevention.

What can be said about the experiments at Rocky Mountain Arsenal?

A．They have no practical value in earthquake prevention

B．They may have practical value in earthquake prevention

C．They are certain to have practical value in earthquake prevention

D．The article does not say anything about their practioal value earthquake prevention

SECTION B INTERVIEW

Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.

Now listen to the interview.

听力原文：M: Though should chocolate lovers everywhere be rejoicing today, Samantha Heller is a contributing editor of Health Magazine and a clinical nutritionist at New York University Medical Center. Hey Samantha, good morning.

W: Good morning.

M: People tend to do the one plus one equals two, and consider things OK. I just heard this news and l'm going out buying a lot of chocolate. Bad idea?

W: It's a bad idea. And the reason is that the way we process chocolate in this country—the way we dilute with a lot of sugar and fat takes out a lot of the healthy compounds.

M: And I am basically talking about that dark chocolate is good tor you. In this comma/there are more people who tend to consume milk chocolate.

W: That's right.That's diluted and it's treated to take the bitterness of dark chocolate out. And that's also taking out the healthy compound that's in it.You can take, like cocoa powder and make your own hot chocolate and you're getting some of the benefits.

M: But you don't dispute the fact that this flavonoid seeder found in chocolate may be beefalo to health.

W: It may 'absolutely be beneficial but what we are finding out in research is when you isolate a compound from food that's healthy in the food, it may not have the effect by itself in your body that we would anticipate.

M: So, more research needs to be done?

W: So much more research, yes.

M: While we have you here, we want talk about some other foods in the news if you will. I've been hearing so much. Really this has been in the last couple of years. Green tea. Everybody is talking about it. You've seen it in advertisement. People I know have said that stop drinking coffee in the morning. I'm drinking green tea. What's the potential benefit here?

W: Green tea is packed with polyphenols. These are chemicals that actually help fight disease, high in anti-oxidants. Green tea has been showing to be anti-carcinogenic, anti-tumnrgenic and may even help prevent cavities.

M: No caffeine? Is there caffeine?

W: There is some caffeine sure.

M: So by switching from coffee to green tea in the morning might we be doing some, helping ourselves?

W: You certainly might be. I don't think you will get the caffeine kick that you get from coffee, but the green tea is a great choice.

M: Alright, we've got a couple of other things we wanna talk about. First is ginger. What's the benefit to ginger?

W: Ginger, again, anti-nausea, anti-motion sickness.

M: Actually a lot of pregnant women use ginger for morning sickness.

W: Yeah. It's great for that. You can have ginger tea. It's versatile and also some of the anti-inflammatories may be good for people with arthritis.

M: Is this turmeric?

W: Yes. It's the bright yellow spice in here. And there's a compound called eureumin which has been shown to fight cancer. It's very potent, very strong.

M: We all know that fruits and vegetables are good for us, but you in particular wanna just mention today the cruciferous. That's the vegetables which are things like broccoli and Brussels sprouts.

W: That's right. Now these have compounds called indoles and others that are very anti-caneergenie, protect against stomach, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer and may help detoxify the liver disease. These are very important, very helpful.

M: Down on the end of the table,I just wanna say here basically you say anything that comes or as a product from other animals is not good except in small amounts.

W: That's right. And the reason is that it has artery-clogging fat, saturated fat, not good for you. But the low

A．it is less bitter than dark chocolate.

B．it is more healthy than dark chocolate.

C．it has special flavor with many nutrients.

D．it is less expensive than dark chocolate.

Something has been happening to the concept of "fiction," both in critical discourse and elsewhere. For a long time, this concept operated under commonly understood restrictions. It was used to refer (1) to a certain genre of literature; (2) to a certain aspect of literature in general-- the element of plot, action, or fable, including such constituents as character, setting, scene, and so on; (3) to any narrative or story containing a large element of invention. But recently, the concept of "fiction" has undergone an expansion. Though still used to refer to the action or plot of literary works, it has come to be applied to something more: to the ideas, themes, and beliefs that are embodied in the action or plot. It is not only the events in literature that are regarded as fictive but the "message" or "world view" conveyed in the presentation of the events as well. And this is not the end of the matter. Going a step farther, critics now sometimes suggest, by kind of tautology, that literary meanings are fictions because all meanings are fictions, even those of nonliterary language, including the language of criticism. In these most extreme flights, this critical view asserts that "life" and "reality" are themselves fictions.

When the author says that something has been happening to the concept of "fiction", he means that the concept of "fiction" ______.

A．only operates under commonly understood restrictions

B．has recently been expanded

C．is applied to something different

D．is undergoing a change only in critical discourse

Something has been happening to the concept of "fiction",either in critical discourse and elsewhere. For a long time, __1__this concept operated under common understood restrictions. __2__It was used to refer to a certain genre of literature; a certain __3__aspect of literature in general——the element of plot, action,or fable, including such constituents like character, setting, __4__scene, and so on; and to any narrative or story contained __5__a large element of invention. But recently, the concept of "fiction" has undergone an extension. Though still used to __6__refer to the action or plot of literary work, it has come to __7__be appllied to something more: to the ideas, themes, and beliefs that are being embodied in the action or plot. It is __8__not only the events in literature that are regarded as fictive but the "message" or "world view" conveyed in the presentation of the events as well. And this is not the end of the matter.

Gone a step further, critics now sometimes suggest, by a kind __9__of tautology, that literary meanings are fictions although all __10__meanings are fictions, this critical view asserts that "life" and "reality" are themselves fictions.

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was conducted by a psychologist, John Calhoun. In each experiment, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to over crowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. At the end of the experiments, Calhoun was able to conclude that overcrowding causes a break down in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior. as rats would in a community without overcrowding.

The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. The experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not-behave normally. Their behavior. may be considered diseased, pathological. The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior. consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behaviour showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding.

Nondominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely, avoiding contact with other rats. Other nondominant males were hyperactive, chasing other rats and fighting each other.

The behaviour of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior. similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas, such as New York City, London, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun's experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.

Calhoun stabilized the rat population ______.

A．when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stress

B．by removing young rats

C．so that there was a constant number of adult rats in the enclosure

D．All of the above are correct

The author's primary purpose is to

A．answer a theoretical question about a phenomenon in the field of physics

B．discuss the current state of research concerning the phenomenon of cold fusion

C．resolve a research dispute in the field of physics

D．predict a crisis in scientific method for researchers of the cold fusion phenomenon

E．suggest reasons that experiments involving cold fusion phenomenon should not be trusted