Which specialties of Sichuan was the exclusive commodity in the ancient Silk Road？

When concerned parents protest the excessive sex or violence on television, they often seek control of television from some outside agency. Our research, however, suggests that the most effective control of TV' s influence on children can be exerted from within the home.

We have found that there is major obstacle that parents need to overcome in connection with TV viewing. Surprisingly enough, we are going to advocate that parents act rudely—at least as fat' as the TV set is concerned. Most of us have been socialized all our lives with the warning "Don' t interrupt when someone else is speaking." Yet our ancestors never imagined a mechanical visitor sitting in the middle of our home who talks without stop and never allows the listener an opportunity to put a word in edgewise.

During our research, we found upon questioning parents that they usually reacted to TV content they disliked or disagreed with by remaining silent. This brings to mind an old saying that parents might well be advised to consider, "Silence gives consent."

We advocate loud reactions and exclamations of disapproval when something is presented on TV which is in opposition to the family' s values or offends them in any way. Similarly, when a program is in accordance with the family' s views, parents should approve of its content and applaud loudly. There is much that Shakespearean audiences of old could teach us in regard to such spontaneous, public reactions. Silence is misleading to our children.

This process of direct intervention vocal approval or disapproval of TV content—is highly effective with young children, because they ant curious, lemming rapidly and ready to place a great deal of confidence in the information and attitudes of their parents and other significant adults, such as teachers. For teenagers indirect intervention is recommended, because this group is more resistant to adult statements and does not like to be "Iectured." Indirect intervention is the practice of making comments about TV to other members of the family, but in such a way that teenager is sure to overhear the comments.

Our research shows that through such parental comments of approval or disapproval, adults can dramatically influence the information their children receive and retain from watching TV.

We may infer from the first paragraph that parents______.

A．find that their children like to watch those sex or violence TV programs

B．hope that school or society can do something to control bad TV programs

C．feel that they can exert some influences on their children at home only

D．realize that there is a generation gap between them and their children

A、CE: separations of large organic species on the basis of their rate of migration through a medium under the effect of an electrical gradient, which is determined by the mass and charge of the species, the permeability of the supporting medium, and of course the magnitude of the electrical gradient. Hence species can often be separated on the basis of differences with regard to these characteristics. Better resolution than for similar HPLC separations can thus be obtained. Detection of the eluted components is typically achieved using detectors based on molecular spectrometry.

B、Gas chromatography: To provide the higher resolutions required by modern analyses, the use of long, small diameter capillary columns is the norm. Contemporary GC analysis of trace organic materials uses open tubular capillary columns where a liquid phase has been bound to the internal wall.

C、HPLC is almost exclusively performed in the reverse phase mode (RP-HPLC), using stationary phases of silica gel derivatised with silylated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as octasilyl (C-8) and octadecylsilyl (ODS) moieties. These are used in conjunction with mobile phases that are predominantly aqueous. HPLC is of most utility where the organic analytes have a large molecular mass, and hence have low volatility, and where the molecule is polar or contains many polar substituents.

D、Atomic absorption spectrometry (flame or electrothermal) (AAS, ET-AAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), inductively coupled plasma optical (or atomic) emission spectrometry (ICP-OES or ICP-AES), neutron activation analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), spark source or isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SSMS, IDMS), electrochemical (anodic stripping voltammetry and polarography) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Advertising informs consumers about the existence and benefits ofproducts and services and attempts to persuade them to buy them. The best formof advertising is probably word of mouth advertising which occurs when peopletell their friends about the benefits of products or services that they havepurchased. Yet virtually no providers of goods or services relay on this alone,which using paid advertising instead. Indeed many organizations also use institutionalor prestige advertising which is designed to build up their reputation ratherthan to sell particular products. Although large companies could easily set up theirown advertising departments, write their own advertisements and by media space themselves.They tend to use the services of large advertising agencies. These are likelyto have more resources and more knowledge about all aspects of advertising andadvertising media than single company. It is also easier for a dissatisfycompany to give its account to another agency. And it would be to fire theirown advertising staff. The company generally give the advertising agency andagreed budget. A statement of the objective of the advertising campaign know asbrief and overall advertising strategy concerning the message to becommunicated to the target customers. The agency creates advertisements anddevelops a media prime, specifying which media will be used and in which proportions.Agencies often produce alternative ads or commercials that pretested innewspapers, television stations etc. in different parts of the country. Beforea final choices was made

prior to anational campaign.

Q22 What is probably the bestform. of advertising according to the speaker？

Q23 What does the speaker sayis the proposes of many organization using prestige advertising ？

Q24 How did large companiesgenerally handle their advertising？

Q25 What would advertisingagencies often do before a national campaign？

Overeating, which has become a national pastime for millions of Americans, has several roots. For example, parents who are concerned by whether their children get enough to eat during the growing years to overfeed them and thereby establish an overeating habit in their lifetime. The child who is constantly praised for cleaning his plate experiences a sort of gratification later on as he cleans all too many plates. The easy availability of so much food is a constant temptation for many people, especially the types of food served at fast food restaurants and merchandised in the frozen food departments of supermarkets. But many people don’t need temptation from the outside; their overeating arises from such psychological factors as nervousness, boredom, loneliness, insecurity, an overall discontent with life, or an aversion to exercise. Thus, overeating can actually be a symptom of psychological surrender to or withdrawal from, the complexities and competition of modern life.

A、Cause

B、Effect

C、Comparison

D、Contrast

The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.

In practical terms, the new guidelines being developed could result in doctors choosing one drug over another for cost reasons or even deciding that a particular treatment-at the end of life, for example-is too expensive. In the extreme, some critics have said that making treatment decisions based on cost is a form. of rationing.

Traditionally, guidelines have heavily influenced the practice of medicine, and the latest ones are expected to make doctors more conscious of the economic consequences of their decisions, even though there's no obligation to follow them. Medical society guidelines are also used by insurance companies to help determine reimbursement(报销)policies.

Some doctors see a potential conflict in trying to be both providers of patient care and financial overseers.

"There should be forces in society who should be concerned about the budget, but they shouldn't be functioning simultaneously as doctors," said Dr. Martin Samuels at a Boston hospital. He said doctors risked losing the trust of patients if they told patients, "I'm not going to do what I think is best for you because I think it's bad for the healthcare budget in Massachusetts."

Doctors can face some grim trade-offs. Studies have shown, for example, that two drugs are about equally effective in treating macular degeneration, an eye disease. But one costs $50 a dose and the other close to $2,000. Medicare could save hundreds of millions of dollars a year if everyone used the cheaper drug. Avastin, instead of the costlier one, Lucentis.

But the Food and Drug Administration has not approved Avastin for use in the eye, and using it rather than the alternative, Lucentis, might carry an additional, although slight, safety risk. Should doctors consider Medicare's budget in deciding what to use？

"I think ethically(在道德层面上)we are just worried about the patient in front of us and not trying to save money for the insurance industry or society as a whole," said Dr. Donald Jensen.

Still, some analysts say that there's a role for doctors to play in cost analysis because not many others are doing so. "In some ways," said Dr. Daniel Sulmasy, "it represents a failure of wider society to take up the issue."

57.What do some most influential medical groups recommend doctors do？

A.Reflect on the responsibilities they are supposed to take.

B.Pay more attention to the effectiveness of their treatments.

C.Take costs into account when making treatment decisions.

D.Readjust their practice in view of the cuts in health care.

58.What were doctors mainly concerned about in the past？

A.Specific medicines to be used.

B.Professional advancement.

C.Effects of medical treatment.

D.Patients' trust.

59.What may the new guidelines being developed lead to？

A.The redefining of doctors' roles.

B.Conflicts between doctors and patients.

C.Overuse of less effective medicines.

D.The prolonging of patients' suffering.

60.What risk do doctors see in their dual role as patient care providers and financial overseers？

A.They may be involved in a conflict of interest.

B.They may be forced to divide their attention.

C.They may have to use less effective drugs.

D.They may lose the respect of patients.

61.What do some experts say about doctors' involvement in medical cost analysis？

A.It may add to doctors' already heavy workloads.

B.It will help to save money for society as a whole.

C.It results from society's failure to tackle the problem.

D.It raises doctors' awareness of their social responsibilities.

3. History of Oxford As the oldest university in the English-speaking world, Oxford is a unique and historic institution. There is no clear date of foundation, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. In 1188, the historian, Gerald of Wales, gave a public reading to the assembled Oxford dons and in around 1190 the arrival of Emo of Friesland, the first known overseas student, set in motion the University's tradition of international scholarly links. By 1201, the University was headed by a magister scolarum Oxonie, on whom the title of Chancellor was conferred in 1214, and in 1231 the masters were recognized as a universitas or corporation. In the 13th century, rioting between town and gown (townspeople and students) hastened the establishment of primitive halls of residence. These were succeeded by the first of Oxford's colleges, which began as medieval 'halls of residence' or endowed houses under the supervision of a Master. University, Balliol and Merton Colleges, which were established between 1249 and 1264, are the oldest. Less than a century later, Oxford had achieved eminence above every other seat of learning, and won the praises of popes, kings and sages by virtue of its antiquity, curriculum, doctrine and privileges. In 1355, Edward III paid tribute to the University for its invaluable contribution to learning; he also commented on the services rendered to the state by distinguished Oxford graduates. From its early days, Oxford was a centre for lively controversy, with scholars involved in religious and political disputes. John Wyclif, a 14th-century Master of Balliol, campaigned for a Bible in the vernacular, against the wishes of the papacy. In 1530, Henry VIII forced the University to accept his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and during the Reformation in the 16th century, the Anglican churchmen Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley were tried for heresy and burnt at the stake in Oxford. The University was Royalist in the Civil War, and Charles I held a counter-Parliament in Convocation House. In the late 17th century, the Oxford philosopher John Locke, suspected of treason, was forced to flee the country. The 18th century, when Oxford was said to have forsaken port for politics, was also an era of scientific discovery and religious revival. Edmund Halley, Professor of Geometry, predicted the return of the comet that bears his name; John and Charles Wesley's prayer meetings laid the foundations of the Methodist Society. The University assumed a leading role in the Victorian era, especially in religious controversy. From 1833 onwards The Oxford Movement sought to revitalize the Catholic aspects of the Anglican Church. One of its leaders, John Henry Newman, became a Roman Catholic in 1845 and was later made a Cardinal. In 1860 the new University Museum was the scene of a famous debate between Thomas Huxley, champion of evolution, and Bishop Wilberforce. From 1878, academic halls were established for women and they were admitted to full membership of the University in 1920. Five all-male colleges first admitted women in 1974 and, since then, all colleges have changed their statutes to admit both women and men. St Hilda's College, which was originally for women only, was the last of Oxford's single sex colleges. It has admitted both men and women since 2008. During the 20th and early 21st centuries, Oxford added to its humanistic core a major new research capacity in the natural and applied sciences, including medicine. In so doing, it has enhanced and strengthened its traditional role as an international focus for learning and a forum for intellectual debate. 6.What can be inferred from the passage?

A、Henry II was indifferent to English students.

B、Edward III paid tribute to Oxford for its great contribution to learning.

C、Charles I held a counter-Parliament in Oxford.

D、John Henry Newman became a Roman Catholic in 1840.

A different and not mutually exclusive ___3___ holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one ___4___ by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives ___5___ , people will simply become lazy and depressed. ___6___ , today’s unemployed don’t seem to be havinga great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year reort having depression, double the rate for ___7___ Americans. Also, some research suggests that the ___8___ for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting ___9___ poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many ___10___ the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.

But it doesn’t ___11___ follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the ___12___ of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the ___13___ of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could ___14___ strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the ___15 ___of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.

These days, because leisure time is relatively ___16___ for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional ___17___ of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel ___18___ ,” Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself ___19___ a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for___ 20___ matters.

1________

A.boasting

B.denying

C.warning

D.ensuring

2A.inequality

B.instability

C.unreliability

D.uncertainty

6A.Instead

B.Indeed

C.Thus

D.Nevertheless

10A.leave behind

B.make up

C.worry about

D.set aside

14A.disturb

B.restore

C.exclude

D.yield

16A.tricky

B.lengthy

C.mysterious

D.scarce

18A.ignored

B.tired

C.confused

D.starved

20A.technological

B.professional

C.educational

D.interpersonal

3A.policy

B.guideline

C.resolution

D.prediction

5A.wisdom

B.meaning

C.glory

D.freedom

15A.model

B.practice

C.virtue

D.hardship

17A.demands

B.standards

C.qualities

D.threats

4A.characterized

B.divided

C.balanced

D.measured

8A.explanation

B.requirement

C.compensation

D.substitute

19A.off

B.against

C.behind

D.into

7A.rich

B.urban

C.working

D.educated

11A.statistically

B.occasionally

C.necessarily

D.economically

9A.under

B.beyond

C.alongside

D.among

13A.absence

B.height

C.face

D.course

12A.chances

B.downsides

C.benefits

D.principles