If the stress levels in your body increase, they can also affect you ________ （physical).

The old proverb has it that "laugh and the world laughs with you; cry and you cry alone." What's new is the discovery by University of California, San Francisco scientists that the expression on your face can also affect your own feelings and that if you deliberately change that expression your body will automatically respond.

Psychologists Paul Ekman, Robert W. Levenson and Wallace Friesen enrolled professional actors in their experiment because they have been trained both to recall emotions from the past and not to be self conscious or embarrassed when asked to pose. After they were hooked up to equipment that electronically recorded the activity of their involuntary nervous systems, the actors were not told how to feel. But they were, instructed to move muscles in their faces to create smile, frowns, and expressions of anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust and surprise.

Two major findings came out of the study, published in Science magazine. One is that heart rate and skin temperature--both under the control of the autonomic nervous system--vary according to facial expression. This suggests some form. of communication between the brain's motor cortex(皮层), which governs voluntary movements, and areas in the brain's hypothalamus(下丘脑) that, instead, deal with unconscious bodily reactions to stimuli.

The other finding is that, contrary to what had been expected, the facial expressions that convey anger, fear, sadness and disgust each produce a different, but typical pattern of response from the involuntary nervous system. Though the psychologists have not yet detected correspondingly specific patterns for the other emotions they studied, they expect to identify them eventually.

As importantly, says Ekman, the new discoveries may, in time, have practical consequences because they "open the door to exploring how emotions cause physical disorders, and offer the possibility of using facial expressions therapeutically(治疗地)."

Scientists discovered that people's emotions are______.

A．controlled by their facial expression

B．influenced by their facial expression

C．identical with their facial expression

D．contrary to their facial expression

Ask most people to list what makes them like someone on first meeting and they'll tell you personality, intelligence, sense of humor. But they're probably deceiving themselves. The characteristic that impresses people the most, when meeting anyone from a job applicant to a blind date, is appearance. And unfair and unenlightened as it may seem, attractive people are frequently preferred over their less attractive peers.

Research begun in the early 1970s has shown that not only do good looks influence such things as choice of friends, lovers, and mates, but that they can also affect school grades, selection for jobs, and even the outcome of a trial. Psychologist Ellen Berscheid of the University of Minnesota and psychologist Elaine Walster, then at the University of Wisconsin, were among the first researchers to deal with the topic of attractiveness. Their seminal 1974 paper on the subject showed that the more attractive a person, the more desirable characteristics others will attribute to him or her. Attractive people are viewed as being happier, more sensitive, more interesting, warmer, more poised, more sociable, and as having better character than their less attractive counterparts. Psychologist Karen Dion of the University of Toronto has dubbed this stereotypical view as: "What is beautiful is good".

Our current work at old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, with colleagues and students, focuses on the role that appearance plays in judgments made about people. Our studies have been done in a variety of settings: basic research laboratories, beauty and cosmetics industry labs, plastic and reconstructive surgery practices, psychiatric hospitals, and psychotherapeutic consulting rooms.

One topic that has led to many avenues of research is how attractiveness influences sex-typing—the tendency of people to attribute certain stereotypical qualities to each sex. Besides being perceived as sensitive, kind, interesting, and generally happy, attractive people tend to fit easily into sexual stereotypes, according to a study done by Barry Gillen, a social psychologist in our department.

Gillen speculated that attractive people possess two types of "goodness", one related to and the other unrelated to their sex. To test this hypothesis he showed a group of students photographs of both men and women of high, moderate, and low attractiveness, as determined by the previous rankings of students according to a seven-point scale (contrary to popular belief, researchers usually don't use the Bo Derek scale of 10). The judges were asked to rate the subjects according to the masculinity, femininity, and social desirability scales of the Bern Sex Role Inventory. Gillen's study found that attractive women were perceived as being more feminine, and that attractive men were viewed as being more masculine than their less attractive counterparts. This suggests a second stereotype: "What is beautiful is sex-typed."

One implication of Gillen's work that we wanted to test was whether good looks are a disadvantage for some people, especially women, in work situations that conflict with sexual stereotypes. By the late 1970s, there was already a sizable body of literature documenting the problems women face because of sex-role stereotypes. We speculated that attractive women might be at a real disadvantage when they aspire to occupations in which stereotypically masculine traits—such as being strong, independent, and decisive—are thought to be required for success.

To test that possibility we did a study with Gillen and Steve Burns, a student in our department, in which professional personnel consultants were hired to rate a "job applicant's" suitability for six positions. We matched the positions for the skill required, the prestige offered, and the degree of supervisory independence allowed. Two jobs were stereotypically masculine (automobile salesperson, and

A．appearance that hinders his/her inclination

B．intelligence that triggers his/her interest

C．appearance that touches off his/her inclination

D．sweet personality and sense of humor that arouses his/her interest

How Advertisement Is Done

The language of the advertiser

When we choose a word we do more than give information; we also express out feelings about what ever we' re describing. Words point to facts but often link these to attitudes at the same time; they can also affect the beliefs and attitudes of other people.

These two remarks are much the same--or are they? What' s the speaker' s feeling towards the same dog in each case? And how would the different descriptions affect the listeners?

Here comes that pet.

Here comes that dog.

The fact that words can work like this is important and valuable, for it adds a richness to our communication with one another. Advertisers make use of it in a number of ways.

Brand names

The manufacturer needs a name that will do more than just label: he wants a name that brings suit able associations as well--the ideas that the word brings to the mind will help sell the product.

If all were available at the same price, which coat or suit would you choose from this range of shades--Dark Tan, Brown, Mud Brown?

Which of these shades of eye-show--Black Diamond, Black, Coaldust?

Key words

Because words have these associations, the advertiser is very careful about the way he describes his product and what it will do. Almost every advertisement has certain key words(sometimes, but not al ways, in bold or large letters, or beginning with a capital letter)that are intended to be persuasive, while at the same time appearing to be informative. It' s difficult enough simply to describe what a thing is and how it works, especially in a few words, but the writers who write for the advertisements also try to include feelings, associations and attitudes.

Some words seem to have been so successful in selling that the advertisers use them almost as if they were magic key to a certain sale. How often, for instance, have you come across the word "golden" in advertisements?

Association of ideas

One thing reminds us of another -- especially if we often see them together. These reminders(called "associations")are sometimes more imaginary than real: for many people a robin suggests Christmas, for others silver candlesticks suggest wealth.

The tricks of the advertising business we have so far described are all examples of the advertiser encouraging us to associate products with those things he thinks we really want -- a good job, nice clothes, a sport car, a beautiful girlfriend -- perhaps most of all a feeling of importance. The "image' of a product is based on these associations, and the advertiser often creates a "good image" by showing us some one who uses his product and who leads the kind of life we should like to lead. We buy not just the product but the sense of importance that goes with it. We drink Coca-Cola not just for the taste, but because we would like to be thought of as being as gay as the energetic people who drink it in the ads.

How scientific is the science?

In this age of moon flights, heart transplants and wonder drags, we are all impressed by science. If an advertiser links his claim with a scientific fact, there is even a chance we can be blinded by science. The question is simply whether the impressive air of the new discovery or the "man-made miracle" is being used to help or just to deceive us.

"The camera never lies"

Maybe we can' t always believe what we' re told, but surely we must accept what we' re actually shown. The trouble is that when we look at the photograph we don' t know how the photograph was taken, or even what was actually photographed.

Is that delicious-looking whipped cream really cream, or plastic froth?

Is that marvelous gloss a sheet of glass?

Are the colours in fact so glowing or has a special effect been used?

It' s

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

How Advertisement Is Done

The Language of the Advertiser

When we choose a word we do more than give information; we also express out feelings about whatever we're describing. Words point to facts but often link these to attitudes at the same time; they can also affect the beliefs and attitudes of other people.

These two remarks are much the same, or are they? What's the speaker's feeling towards the same dog in each case? And how would the different descriptions affect the listeners?

Here comes that pet.

Here comes that dog.

The fact that words can work like this is important and valuable, for it adds a richness to our communication with one another. Advertisers make use of it in a number of ways.

Brand names

The manufacturer needs a name that will do more than just label: he wants a name that brings suitable associations as well the ideas that the word brings to the mind will help sell the product.

If all were available at the same price, which coat or suit would you choose from this range of shades—Dark Tan, Brown, Mud Brown?

Which of these shades of eye-show, Black Diamond, Black, Coaldust?

Key words

Because words have these associations, the advertiser is very careful about the way he describes his product and what it will do. Almost every advertisement has certain key words( sometimes, but not always, in bold or large letters, or beginning with a capital letter) that are intended to be persuasive, while at the same time appearing to be informative. It's difficult enough simply to describe what a thing is and how it works, especially in a few words, but the writers who write for the advertisements also try to include feelings, associations and attitudes.

Some words seem to have been so successful in selling that the advertisers use them almost as if they were magic key to a certain sale. How often, for instance, have you come across the word "golden" in advertisements?

Association of ideas

One thing reminds us of another, especially if we often see them together. These reminders(called "associations") are sometimes more imaginary than real: for many people a robin suggests Christmas, for others silver candlesticks suggest wealth.

The tricks of the advertising business we have so far described are all examples of the advertiser encouraging us to associate products with those things he thinks we really want a good jog, nice clothes, a sport car, a beautiful girlfriend perhaps most of all a feeling of importance. The "image" of a product is based on these associations, and the advertiser of ten creates a "good image" by showing us someone who uses his product and who leads the kind of life we should like to lead. We buy not just the product but the sense of importance that goes with it. We drink Coca-Cola not just for the taste, but because we would like to be thought of as being as gay as the energetic people who drink it in the ads.

How scientific is the science?

In this age of moon flights, heart transplants and wonder drugs, we are all impressed by science. If an advertiser links his claim with a scientific fact, there is even a chance we can be science. The question is simply whether the impressive air of the new discovery of the "man-made miracle" is being used to help or just to deceive us.

"The camera never lies"

Maybe we can't always believe what we're told, but surely we must accept what we're actually shown. The trouble is that when we look at the photograph we don't know how the photograph was taken, or even what was actually photographed.

Is that delicious-looking whipped cream really cream, or plastic froth?

Is that marvelous loss a sheet of glass?

Are the colours in fact s

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

Drought occurs when moistures disappear through evaporation faster than it is replaced by rain. A drought may happen in any climate zone from tropical to tundra (土地带). Some of the worst drought of this century occurred in the mid-1980s in the sahel region of West Africa when the summer rains failed.

Water shortages can also affect the countries of Europe as happened in 1976 when Britain faced the worst drought in its history, coupled with temperatures rising up past 30℃.

One of the greatest droughts of modern times occurred in the Midwest United States between 1934 and 1941. The causes of the disaster were not entirely natural as unwise fanning practices also played a part. During the First World War, farmers expanded their fields to take advantage of soaring wheat prices.

After the war, prices fell again, however, and large numbers of cattle were turned into the ploughed fields. Millions of hooves(蹄) crumbled the soil and the winter winds blew it away. From 1934 drought conditions made matters worse. Dust lifted up from the land in 300-metre high clouds that swept over farms and suffocated animals in storms that lasted for days. In the summer, desert heat baked the land in conditions that were too much even for rattlesnakes to survive. Nineteen states felt the effects of the drought.

"It" in the first sentence of this passage refers to ______.

A．drought

B．moisture

C．evaporation

D．rain

Which of the following, if true, raises the most serious doubts about the vice president's proposal?

A．Studies have shown that children are an important factor in the car-buying decision for 75 percent of parents with children under 18 years of age.

B．The financial difficulties facing the company will result in the company's declaring bankruptcy within five years if the difficulties are not addressed effectively.

C．The company's most recent advertising campaign, focused on the theme of "Rev up your life," has received positive ratings from the demographic aged 18 to 29.

D．Children are accustomed to viewing ads for car toys while watching their favorite television programs, so ads for actual cars will appeal to them.

E．The vice president who made the proposal has only one year of experience in the automotive industry, but has spent more than 20 years in the financial services and children's entertainment industries.