Chomsky is a very important intellectual figure in America in the following areas：

Questionsare based on the following passage．

Economic inequality is the "defining challenge of our time，" President Barack Obama declared in a speech last month to the Center for American Progress．Inequality is dangerous， he argued， not merely because it doesn"t look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor， but because inequality itself destroys upward mobility， making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty．"Increased inequality and decreasing mobility pose a fundamental threat to the American Dream，" he said．Obama is only the most prominent public figure to declare inequality Public Enemy No．1 and the greatest threat to reducing poverty in America．A number of prominent economists have also argued that it"s harder for the poor to climb the economic ladder today because the rungs （横档 ） in that ladder have grown farther apart．

For all the new attention devoted to the 1 percent， a new damset from the Equality of Opportunity Project at Harvard and Berkeley suggests that， if we care about upward mobility overall， we"re vastly exaggerating the dangers of the rich —poor gap．Inequality itself is not a particularly strong predictor of economic mobility， as sociologist Scott Winship noted in a recent article based on his analysis of this data．So what factors， at the community level， do predict if poor children will move up the economic ladder as adtdts? what explains， for instance， why the Salt Lake City metro area is one of the 100 largest metropolitan areas most likely to lift the fortunes of the poor and the Atlanta metro area is one of the least likely?

Harvard economist Raj Cherty has pointed to economic and racial segregation， community density，the size of a community"s middle class， the quality of schools， commtmity religiosity， and family structure， which he calls the "single strongest correlate of upward mobility．" Chetty finds that communities like Salt Lake City， with high levels of two-parent families and religiosity， are much more likely to see poor children get ahead than communities like Atlanta， with high levels of racial and economic segregation．Chetty has not yet issued a comprehensive analysis of the relative predictive power of each of these factors．Based on my analyses of the data．of the factors that Chetty has highlighted， the following three seem to be most predictive of upward mobility in a given community:

1．Per-capita （人均） income growth

2．Prevalence of single mothers （ where correlation is strong， but negative）

3．Per-capita local government spending In other words， communities with high levels of per-capita income growth， high percentages of two-parent families， and high local government spending-which may stand for good schools-are the most likely to help poor children relive Horatio Alger"s rags-to-riches story．

How does Obama view economic inequality? 查看材料

A.It is the biggest obstacle to social mobility．

B.It is the greatest threat to social stability．

C.It is the No．1 enemy of income growth．

D.It is the most malicious social evil of our time．

______is a representative figure of the American local colourism.

A．Henry James

B．Harriet Beecher Stowe

C．Mark Twain

D．Stephen Crane

Part B (10 points)

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.

The maple smoke of autumn bonfires is incense to Canadians. Bestowing perfume for the nose, color for the eye, sweetness for the spring tongue, the sugar maple prompts this sharing of a favorite myth and original etymology of the word maple.

The maple looms large in Ojibwa folk tales. The time of year for sugaring-off is "in the Maple Moon". Among Ojibwa, the primordial female figure is Nokomis, a wise grandmother.

(41)______.

Knowing this was a pursuit to the death, Nokomis outsmarted the cold devils. She hid in a stand of maple trees, all red and orange and deep yellow. This maple grove grew beside a waterfall whose mist blurred the trees' outline. As they peered through the mist, slavering wendigos thought they saw a raging fire in which their prey was burning.

(42)______.

For their service in saving the earth mother's life, these maples were given a special gift: their water of life would be forever sweet, and Canadians would tap it for nourishment.

(43)______.

The contention that maple syrup is unique to North America is suspect, I believe. China has close to 10 species of maple, more than any country in the world. Canada has 10 native species. North America does happen to be home to the sugar maple, the species that produces the sweetest sap and the most abundant flow.

But are we to believe that in thousands of years of Chinese history, these inventive people never tapped a maple to taste its sap? I speculate that they did.

(44)______.

What is certain is the maple's holdfast on our national imagination. Is leaf was adopted as an emblem in New France as early as 1700, and in English Canada by the mid-19th century. In the fall of 1867, a Toronto schoolteacher named Alexander Muir was traipsing at street a the city, all squelchy underfoot from the soft felt of falling leaves, when a maple leaf alighted to his coat sleeve and stuck there.

The word "maple" is from "mapeltreow", the Old English term for maple tree, with "mapl"—as its Proto-Germanic root, a compound in which the first "m"—is, I believe, the nearly worldwide "ma", one of the first human sounds, the pursing of a baby's lips as it prepares to suck milk from mother's breast. The "ma" root gives rise in many world languages to thousands of words like "mama", "mammary", "maia", and "Amazon". Here it would make "map!-" mean "nourishing mother tree", that is, tree whose maple sap in nourishing.

(45)______.

A. The second part of the compound, "apl-", is a variant of Indo-European able "fruit of any tree" and the origin of another English fruit word, apple. So the primitive analogy compares the liquid sap with another nourishing liquid, mother's milk.

B. In one tale about seasonal change, cannibal wendigos-creatures of evil-chased through the autumn countryside old Nokomis, who was a symbol for female fertility. Wendigos throve in icy cold. When they entered the bodies of humans, the human heart froze solid.

C. Here wendigos represent oncoming winter. They were hunting to kill and eat poor Nokomis, the warm embodiment of female fecundity who, like the summer, has grown old.

D. Could Proto-Americas who crossed the Bering land bridge to populate the Americas have brought with them a knowledge of maple syrup? Is there a very old Chinese phrase for maple syrup? Is maple syrup mentioned in Chinese literature? For a non-reader of Chinese, such questions are daunting but not impossible to answer.

E. Maple and its syrup flow sweetly into Canadian humor. Quebeckers have developed a special love for such a nutrimen

In the 19th century, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?

A．Figure painting.

B．Landscape painting.

C．Impressionistic painting.

D．Historical painting.

In the 19th century, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?

A．Figure painting.

B．Landscape painting.

C．Impressionistic painting.

D．Historical painting.

In the 19th century, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting?

A．Figure painting.

B．Landscape painting.

C．Impressionistic painting.

D．Historical painting.

Every few weeks, outside the movie theatre in practically any American town in the late 1910s, stood the life-sized card-board figure of a small tramp (流浪汉) dressed【61】ragged, baggy pants, a cutaway coat and vest and a battered derby hat--【62】the words I AM HERE TODAY. An advertisement【63】a Charlie Chaplin film was a【64】of happiness, of that precious, almost shocking moment when art delivers【65】life cannot.

Eighty years【66】, Chaplin is still here. In a 1995 worldwide survey of film critics, Chaplin was voted【67】greatest actor in movie history. He was the first,【68】the last, person to control【69】aspect of the filmmaking process--【70】his own studio and producing, directing, writing, and editing the movies he starred in. In the first few decades of the 20th century,【71】weekly movie-going was the national【72】, Chaplin more or less helped【73】an industry into an art. In 1916, his【74】year in alms, his salary of ＄ 10,00 a week made him the highest-paid actor--【75】the highest paid person--in the world.【76】1920, the Chaplin craze, accompanied by a flood of Chaplin dances, songs, dolls, comic books and cocktails, was【77】everywhere. Filmmaker Mack Sennett thought【78】"just the greatest artist who ever lived". Other early admirers【79】George Bernard Shaw, Marcel Proust, and Sigmund Freud.【80】1981 to 1987, IBM used the Tramp as the logo (标志) to advertise its venture into personal computers.

(56)

A．for

B．in

C．by

D．with

Questions are based on the following passage．

In the 1960s and 1970s， classic social psychological studies were conducted thatprovided evidence that even normal， decent people can engage in acts of extreme crueltywhen instructed to do so by others. However， in an essay published November 20 in theopen access journal PLOS Biology， Professors Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher revisitthese studies" conclusions and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience， butenthusiasm too——-challenging the long-held belief that human beings are "programmed"for conformity.

This belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research （ 实证研究 ）programs conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo in the 1960s and early1970s. Milgram"s "Obedience to Authority" research is widely believed to show thatpeople blindly conform. to the instructions of an authority figure， and Zimbardo"sStanfordPrison Experiment （SPE） is commonly understood to show that people will take onabusive roles uncritically.

However， Professor Haslam， from the University of Queensland， argues that tyrannydoes not result from blind conformity to rules and roles. Rather， it is a creative act offollowership， resulting from identifying with authorities who represent vicious （恶意的 ）acts as virtuous （ 善良的 ） .

"Decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive，mindless functionaries （公职人员 ） who do not know what they are doing， but ratherbecause they come to believe——typically under the influence of those in authority——thatwhat they are doing is right，" Professor Haslam explained.

Professor Reicher， of the University of St Andrews， added that it is not that theywere blind to the evil acts they were committing， but rather that they knew what they weredoing， and believed it to be right.

These conclusions were partly informed by Professors Haslam and Reicher"s ownprison experiment， conducted in 2002 in collaboration with the BBC. The study generatedthree findings. First， participants did not conform. automatically to their assigned role;second， they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identifiedwith the group; and finally， group identity did not mean that people simply accepted theirassigned position——it also empowered them to resist it.

Although Zimbardo and Milgram"s findings remain highly influential， ProfessorHaslam argues that their conclusions do not hold up well under close empirical scrutiny.

Professor Reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because offendersare helpless and ignorant; it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doingsomething worthy.

What does the author mean by saying "human beings are ‘programmed‘for conformity" （Line 6， Para. I）? 查看材料

A.Human beings are designed to defy the instructions of others.

B.Human beings are forced to listen to the advice of others.

C.Human beings are ordered to take advice of others.

D.Human beings are made to be obedient to others.