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Answer the following question: As I opened my eyes, the word “Australia” stood between our faces. What does the word “Australia” mean here”？

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第1题

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.

Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us. But there are also thousands whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.

Buy ＄50 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend ＄10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.

Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn't be cheap.

Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2 ) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every.500, 000 years. Sounds pretty rare— but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world, "If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us," says one scientist. "It's that simple."

The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? "The world has less to fear from? doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them," said a New York Times article.

What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?

A．They are heavenly bodies different in composition.

B．They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.

C．There are more asteroids than meteoroids.

D．steroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.

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第2题

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.

Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us. But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.

Buy $ 50 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.

Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn't be cheap.

Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500, 000 years. Sounds pretty rare— but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. "If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us, "says one scientist. "It's that simple. "

The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? "The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them, "said a New York Times article.

What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?

A．They are heavenly bodies different in composition.

B．They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.

C．There are more asteroids than meteoroids.

D．Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.

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第3题

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

To understand why someone becomes an optimist or a pessimist, it helps to understand what distinguishes them. Say you crash your car. Do you expect good things to happen after the accident — an easy recuperation(挽回损失), a fat check from your insurer? Or do you worry that your neck will hurt forever?

"Optimistic people tend to feel that bad things won't last long and won't affect other parts of life, " Seligman says. Pessimists tend to believe one negative incident will last and undermine everything else in their lives.

Also important, researchers say, is the story you construct about why things happen -- your explanatory style. Optimists believe that bad events have temporary causes — "The boss is in a bad mood. " Pessimists believe the cause is permanent — "The boss is a jerk. "

This sense of control distinguishes one type from the other. Positive thinkers feel powerful. Negative thinkers, Seligman says, feel helpless because they have learned to believe they' re doomed, no matter what. A young wife who's told she's incapable of handling household finances might later become a divorce woman who can't balance a checkbook.

Such learned helplessness causes much harm on health. Studies show that optimists are better at coping with the distress associated with everything from sore throat to heart surgery. Furthermore, scientists at U. C. L. A. discovered that optimists have more disease fighting T cells.

Pessimists also don't believe in preventive care. Visit a doctor and you might find out you're sick! My father was rushed to the emergency room for medical conditions that would have been easily treatable if he'd seen a doctor sooner.

The word "undermine" ( Para. 2 ) most probably means________.

A．go below

B．weaken

C．effect

D．destroy

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第4题

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

This story began about 10 years ago. I was coming out of a very bad marriage. For seven long years my husband spent his every waking moment telling me just what was wrong with me. When I finally asked for a divorce, he answered by telling me that I would never find anyone to love me because I was just so unattractive. This went on for about two years. One night one of my friends convinced me to go out with her. We went to a nightclub and that is when I met him.

Clint was playing a game with a girl. I sat in the corner watching him. I didn't feel that I had whatever it took to get up and mix with others because of my self-esteem problem. Finally I got up the courage to order him a drink. When he got it, he gave me the most dazzling smile. We spent the rest of the evening talking until I realized that it was 'almost morning. I figured that he was simply being nice to me because I had bought him a drink, but the very next day he called and told me that he couldn't stop thinking about me and that be wanted to meet my kids too.

About 3 months later, my divorce was final and Clint sat my boys down and asked them if it was all right with them if he asked me to marry him because he couldn't imagine life without the three of us anymore. I was so touched that he went to my boys and asked for their approval because they were the "men of the house” at the ripe old ages of 2 and 4. They said yes and we have all been together ever since. Clint gave my boys and me a second chance at a wonderful life. Not a day goes by that he doesn't tell us that we are the best thing that ever happened to him and that he loves us.

The writer's first marriage was unsuccessful because ______.

A．her husband often woke her up at midnight

B．her husband kept criticizing her

C．she was unattractive

D．she had a self-esteem problem

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第5题

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Clint was playing a game with a girl, I sat in the corner watching him. I didn't feel that I had whatever it took to get up and mix with others because of my self-esteem problem. Finally I got up the courage to order him a drink. When he got it, he gave me the most dazzling smile. We spent the rest of the evening talking until I realized that it was almost morning. I figured that he was simply being nice to me because I had bought him a drink, but the very next day he called and told me that he couldn't stop thinking about me and that he wanted to meet my kids, too.

About 3 months later, my divorce was final and Clint sat my boys down and asked them if it was all right with them if he asked me to marry him because he couldn't imagine life without the three of us any more. I was so touched that he went to my boys and asked for their approval because they were the "men of the house" at the ripe old ages of 2 and 4. They said yes and we have all been together ever since. Clint gave my boys and me a second chance at a wonderful life. Not a day goes by that he doesn't tell us that we are the best thing that ever happened to him and that he loves us.

The writer's first marriage was unsuccessful because ______.

A．her husband often woke her up at midnight

B．her husband kept criticizing her

C．she was unattractive

D．she had a self-esteem problem

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第6题

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Environmental issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of non-human animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rainforest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only' because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures.9 Or is there more to it. than that? Some philosophers are now prepared to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.

Our concern for the environment also raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate.. Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own. provided only that we are certain that they will exist and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of. say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.

The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously over-crowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ingeniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfare — the average multiplied by the number of people — is as great as possible? Both answers lead to counter-intuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.

The first paragraph is mainly about ______.

A．the intrinsic value of human experiences

B．the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animals

C．the intrinsic value of ecological system as a whole

D．an ancient ethical question about the nature of intrinsic value

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第7题

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing (定量供应) is virtually suspended, and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is widespread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect.

The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain's overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.

But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.

Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they, should not be enabled to benefit from this trend.

The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 per cent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion programme is not working very well.

Why is there "wide-spread uneasiness and confusion" about the food situation in Britain?

A．The abundant food supply is not expected to last.

B．Britain is importing less food.

C．Despite the abundance, food prices keep rising.

D．Britain will cut back on its production of food

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第8题

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

The American economy, whether in government or private industry, has found retirement a convenient practice for managing the labor force. On the positive side, widespread retirement has meant an expansion of leisure and opportunities for self-fulfillment in later life. On the negative side, the practice of retirement entails large costs, both in funding required from pension systems and in the loss of the accumulated skills and talents of older people.

Critics of retirement as it exists today have pointed to the rigidity of retirement practices: for example, the fact that retirement is typically an all-or-nothing proposition. Would it not be better to have some form. of flexible or phased retirement, in which employees gradually reduce their work hours or take longer vacations? Such an approach might enable older workers to adjust better to retirement, while permitting employers to make gradual changes instead of coping with the abrupt departure of an employee. Retirement could be radically redefined in the future.

Earlier criticism of retirement at a fixed age led to legal abolition of the practice, for the most part, in 1996. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act forbids older workers from being limited or treated in any way that would harm their employment possibilities. Still, most observers admit that age discrimination in the workplace remains widespread. Sometimes such discrimination against older workers is based on mistaken ideas, such as the false belief that older workers are less productive.

In fact, empirical studies have not shown older workers to be less dependable in their job performance, nor are their absenteeism rates higher.

There is also much support for the idea of work life extension; that is, adaptations of retirement rules or employment practices to enable older people to become more productive. In favor of this idea is the fact that three-quarters of employed people over 65 are in white-collar occupations in service industries, which are less physically demanding than agriculture or manufacturing jobs. As a result, it is sometimes argued, older people can remain in productive jobs now longer than in the past. In addition, some analysts point to declining numbers of young people entering the workforce, thus anticipating a labor shortage later. That development, if it occurred, might stimulate a need for older workers and a reversal of the trend toward early retirement.

Opponents of the retirement policy say

A．it gives more leisure to old people than they know how to use.

B．it costs too much money in the form. of retirement pensions.

C．it is too rigid and flexibility should be integrated into it.

D．retirement should be practiced only in the public sector.

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第9题

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

Wal-Mart is now mounting a bold expansion that could double its sales within just five years, to $480 billion. Some of that growth will come in new markets outside the U.S., where 1,200 stores in nine countries already account for about 16% of the chain's total sales. But even more growth will be won as the chain insinuates itself into more U.S. neighborhoods and invades more product categories.

If you think Wal-Mart already sells just about everything, think again. Think PCs, ceiling fans, more fashionable clothing, gasoline and even cars. "Their goal is to have a 30% share of every major business they are in," says Linda Kristiansen, a retail analyst for UBS Warburg Equity Research. If there's no Wal-Mart store near you, just wait. If you shop at Wal-Mart, expect your store to get bigger or a new store to open even closer. The chain plans to expand from 3,400 U.S. locations to day-half of them in the South—to a nationwide network approaching 5,000 stores in five years.

Wal-Mart has 1,300 Supercenters, many of them converted from standard discount stores, offering everything from hardware to groceries and drugs. In some areas, it is placing these 17, O00-sq-m monsters as close as 8 km apart. And in the spaces between, it's tormenting local groceries and convenience stores with Neighborhood Markets (call'em Small-Marts). Wal-Mart is building its first urban Supercenter, in downtown Dallas. And without fanfare it is testing used-car sales alongside one of its Houston stores. "It's surprising how much room we have for growth," says Robson Walton, 58, Sam's son and the company's nonexecutive chairman. "I'm not trying to be flippant," adds Lee Scott, 52, Wal-Mart's CEO. "But simply put, our long-term strategy is to be where we're not."

Yet for Wal-Mart to get where it is now is going to be a lot harder than it was to get where it is. Even with sales expected to grow to about $240 billion for the fiscal year that ends Jan. 31, price wars in its grocery business narrowed Wal-Mart's profit margin to its lowest level in four years. The company plans to fatten profits by becoming more of a producer and even designer of its goods, especially clothing. It's making blouses in China and towers in India that it intends to sell everywhere from Berlin to Beijing and Boston. But fashion is a notoriously fickle business. And by diving deeper into the manufacturing of more of its products, Wal-Mart is braving a path that has brought grief to some of history's biggest retailers, such as A&P and Sears.

The figures listed in the first paragraph show that

A．Wal-Mart expanded its business outside the U.S..

B．Wal-Mart has 1,200 stores in nine countries.

C．Wal-Mart is growing very fast in business.

D．Wal-Mart is the largest chain in the world.

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第10题

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

When young people who want to be journalists ask me what subject they should study after leaving school, I tell them: "Anything except journalism or media studies". Most veterans of my trade would say the same. It is practical advice. For obvious reasons, newspaper editors like to employ people who can bring something other than a knowledge of the media to the party that we call our work.

On The Daily Telegraph, for example, the editor of London Spy is a theologian by academic training. The obituaries editor is a philosopher. The editor of our student magazine, Juice, studied physics. As for myself, I read history, ancient and modern, at the taxpayer's expense.

I am not sure what Charles Clarke, the Education Secretary, would make of all this. If I understand him correctly, he would think that the public money spent on teaching this huge range of disciplines to the staff of The Daily Telegraph was pretty much wasted. The only academic course of which he would wholeheartedly approve in the list above would be physics, but then again, he would probably think it a terrible waste that Simon Hogg chose to edit Juice instead of designing aeroplanes or building nuclear reactors. By that, he seems to mean that everything taught at the public expense should have a direct, practical application that will benefit society and the economy.

It is extremely alarming that the man in charge of Britain's education system should think in this narrow-minded, half-witted way. The truth, of course, is that all academic disciplines benefit society and the economy, whether in a direct and obvious way or not. They teach students to think—to process information and to distinguish between what is important and unimportant, true and untrue. Above all, a country in which academic research and intelligent ideas are allowed to flourish is clearly a much more interesting, stimulating and enjoyable place than one without "ornaments", in which money and usefulness are all that count.

Mr. Clarke certainly has a point when he says that much of what is taught in Britain's universities is useless. But it is useless for a far more serious reason than that it lacks any obvious economic utility. As the extraordinarily high drop-out rate testifies, it is useless because it fails the first test of university teaching—that it should stimulate the interest of those being taught. When students themselves think that their courses are a waste of time and money, then a waste they are.

The answer is not to cut off state funding for the humanities. It is to offer short, no nonsense vocational courses to those who want to learn a trade, and reserve university places for those who want to pursue an academic discipline. By this means, a great deal of wasted money could be saved and all students the academic and the no, so-academic—would benefit. What Mr. Clarke Seems to be proposing instead is an act of cultural vandalism that would rob Britain of all claim to be called a civilised country.

The second paragraph is meant to demonstrate that ______.

A．students of other disciplines than journalism are preferred employees of newspapers

B．young people should learn other subjects than journalism after leaving school

C．veterans of the author's trade would give the same advice to puzzled youngsters

D．young people should diversify their learning subjects to be better employed

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