4. Appellation[ˌæpəˈleɪʃn] is a must in any language communication, and it is also an important _______________phenomenon.

The computer plays an important part in our everyday life. It is one of the great inventions in the world in the {A. twenty; B. twenties; C. twentieth} century. It works for us not only at home, in the offices, in big shops,

{A. Also; B. But also; C. Too} at schools. Today it is used in many ways. It really brings the world large wealth (财富) and happiness.

The first computer in the world was called Enid. It was built in America in 1946. It was large and heavy. {A. For; B. Until; C. Since} it was born, it has been developing very fast. Until now it has gone through four periods and changed a lot. There’re many kinds of computers. Computers are getting smaller and smaller and computing faster and faster. It becomes more and more helpful.

The computer can do most of the things {A. for; B. to; C. at} the people. It can help us to know about the real world more quickly, to learn {A. what; B. that; C. which} we want to learn and to think for ourselves. As a student in the twenty-first century, you must work hard at it.

English, which plays an important role in the process of globalization, is now a compulsive course in our country. English is required in every field. But to master a language is not an easy thing. People come across a lot of problems when they are learning. Some say that a good memory is the most important element in learning English. What is your opinion on this statement? You are to write a composition of about 400 words to give and support your opinion. You should supply a title for your article. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Write your composition on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

Some people claim that, in the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was and that people can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write an essay of about 400 words.

In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.

You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the great disparity between the native population of America in 1492—new estimates of which jump as high as 100 million, or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time—and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century. There is no doubt that chronic disease was an important factor in the sharp decline, and it is highly probable that the greatest killer was epidemic disease, especially as manifested in virgin-soil epidemics.

Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless. That virgin-soil epidemics were important in American history is strongly indicated by evidence that a number of dangerous maladies—smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and undoubtedly several more—were unknown in the pre-Columbian New World. The effects of their sudden introduction are demonstrated in the early chronicles of America, which contain reports of horrible epidemics and steep population declines, confirmed in many cases by quantitative analyzes of Spanish tribute records and other sources. The evidence provided by the documents of British and French colonies is not as definitive because the conquerors of those areas did not establish permanent settlements and began to keep continuous records until the seventeenth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place. Furthermore, the British tended to drive the native populations away, rather than to enslave them as the Spaniards did, so that the epidemics of British America occurred beyond the range of colonists' direct observation.

Even so, the surviving records of North America do contain references to deadly epidemics among the native population. In 1616—1619 an epidemic, possibly of pneumonic plague, swept coastal New England, killing as many as nine out of ten. During the 1630's smallpox, the disease most fatal to the Native American people, eliminated half the population of the Huron and Iroquois confederations. In the 1820's fever ruined the people of the Columbia River area, killing eight out of ten of them.

Unfortunately, the documentation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans. For example, in 1952 an outbreak of measles among the Native American inhabitants of Ungava Bay, Quebec, affected 99 percent of the population and killed 7 percent, even though some had the benefit of modern medicine. Cases such as this demonstrate that even diseases that are not normally fatal can have destroying consequences when they strike an immunologically defenseless community.

Notes:

disparity差距

virgin-soil处女地

malady疾病

chronicle编年史

tribute贡品

pneumonic plague肺鼠疫

confederation同盟

smallpox天花

measles麻疹

According to the text; virgin-soil epidemics can be distinguished from other catastrophic outbreaks of disease in that virgin-soil epidemics

A．recur more frequently than chronic diseases.

B．involve populations with no prior exposure to a disease.

C．usually involve a number of interacting diseases.

D．are less responsive to medical treatment than are other diseases.

Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the great disparity between the native population of America in 1492—new estimates of which jump as high as 100 million, or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time—and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century. There is no doubt that chronic disease was an important factor in the sharp decline, and it is highly probable that the greatest killer was epidemic disease, especially as manifested in virgin-soil epidemics.

Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless. That virgin-soil epidemics were important in American history is strongly indicated by evidence that a number of dangerous maladies—smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and undoubtedly several more—were unknown in the pre-Columbian New World. The effects of their sudden introduction are demonstrated in the early chronicles of America, which contain reports of horrible epidemics and steep population declines, confirmed in many cases by quantitative analyzes of Spanish tribute records and other sources. The evidence provided by the documents of British and French colonies is not as definitive because the conquerors of those areas did not establish permanent settlements and began to keep continuous records until the seventeenth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place. Furthermore, the British tended to drive the native populations away, rather than to enslave them as the Spaniards did; so that the epidemics of British America occurred beyond the range of colonists' direct observation.

Even so, the surviving records of North America do contain references to deadly epidemics among the native population. In 1616—1619 an epidemic, possibly of pneumonic plague, swept coastal New England, killing as many as nine out of ten. During the 1630's smallpox, the disease most fatal to the Native American people, eliminated half the population of the Huron and Iroquois confederations. In the 1820's fever ruined the people of the Columbia River area, killing eight out of ten of them.

Unfortunately, the documentation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans. For example, in 1952 an outbreak of measles among the Native American inhabitants of Ungava Bay, Quebec, affected 99 percent of the population and killed 7 percent, even though some had the benefit of modern medicine. Cases such as this demonstrate that even diseases that are not normally fatal can have destroying consequences when they strike an immunologically defenseless community.

Notes:

disparity 差距。virgin-soil处女地。malady 疾病 chronicle 编年史。tribute 贡品。pneumonic plague肺鼠疫。confederation 同盟。smallpox 天花。measles 麻疹。

According to the text, virgin-soil epidemics can be distinguished from other catastrophic outbreaks of disease in that virgin-soil epidemics _____.

A．recur more frequently than chronic diseases.

B．involve populations with no prior exposure to a disease.

C．usually involve a number of interacting diseases.

D．are less responsive to medical treatment than are other diseases.

听力原文： A country's latitude, or distance from the equator, has an important effect on its climate. In places located at low latitudes, or near the equator, like Ecuador and northern Brazil, the amount of sunshine changes the least during the year. At mid-latitudes, in places like Japan or Argentina, there is more sunshine in the summer than in the winter. (29) The greatest change occurs at the highest latitudes, in places like northern Canada or Alaska. In these places, the nights are very long for half the year and the days are very long during the other half. At the North or South Pole, sunlight lasts the longest during the summer. But light and heat are the most intense at the equator.

Latitude and distance from the sea also affect climate. The thin air in high mountain areas absorbs less of the sun's heat than the thicker air at sea level.

The daily change in temperature also increases with distance from the sea.

(30) Snow and rain are very important to climate. Snow reflects as much as eighty or ninety percent of the heat from the sun, and makes the weather even colder. But a large forest area can reflect as little as five percent of the sun's heat. This makes the weather warmer.

Of course, the general effects of climate do not explain everything about the weather. For example, (31) both the driest place in the world and the place with the most rainy days are located in Chile. Calama, in the Atacama Desert. has had no rain for over 400 years. But during the year 1916, it rained in Bahia, Felix, Chile for 348 days.

(30)

A．At low latitudes.

B．At mid-latitudes.

C．At high latitudes.

D．At any latitude.

SECTION A COMPOSITION (35 MIN)

Our country is developing very fast, and it is important for us to make the right decision on which direction to go. If you were to make a policy of development, which industry will you focus on, petroleum manufacture or tourism? What are your reasons for the decision?

Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:

We Should Vigorously Develop Petroleum Manufacture/Tourism

You are to write in three parts:

In the first part, state your point of view clearly.

In the second part, give some specific reasons to support your view.

In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

Guangdong provincial government is soliciting opinions on the management of lost property. The new regulation stipulates that if no one claims a lost item, the person who hands it in will get 10 percent of its auction earnings as a reward. The owner of the lost property can also voluntarily offer a reward of 10 percent of its value. Should people be rewarded for returning lost property? Whats your opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words. In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for content, organization , language and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET FOUR.

Damage to the retina is caused by ______ .

A．obstructions to blood circulation

B．loss of pigment in the epithelium

C．pressure on the central nervous system

D．All of the above