Ways of ensuring total costs across value chain are lower than competitors’ total costs： and . 确保自身价值链活动导致的总成本低于竞争对手的两大途径是： 和 。

A、Revamp the firm’s overall value chain to eliminate or bypass some cost-producing activities. 改进企业整个价值链，以剔除或避开某些带来成本的活动。

B、Creating products which are superior to competitors by virtue of design, technology, performance etc. 通过良好的设计、先进技术和优异性能，为顾客带来超越竞争对手的产品。

C、Offering superior after sales service. 为顾客提供卓越的售后服务。

D、Performing value chain activities more efficiently than rivals and control factors that drive costs. 比竞争对手更有效率地运行价值链活动，并控制导致成本上升的各类因素。