Henry II started the rule of .

A、A. Audiolingual method

B、B. Direct method

C、C. Grammar-Translation

D、D. Communicative Language Teaching Approach

Happiness and Sadness

Happiness and sadness are two most basic and familiar feeling for human beings. Recently, people have achieved further understanding about them.

Happiness

University of Illinois, psychologist Ed Diener, who has studied happiness for a quarter century, was in Scotland recently, explaining to members of Parliament and business leaders the value of increasing traditional measures of a country's wealth with a national index of happiness. Such an index would measure policies known to increase people's sense of well-being, such as democratic freedoms, access to health care and the rule of law.

Eric Wilson tried to get with the program. Urged on by friends, he bought books on how to become happier. He made every effort to smooth out his habitual worried look and wear a sunny smile, since a happy expression can lead to genuinely happy feelings. Wilson, a professor of English at Wake Forest University, took up jogging, reputed to boost the brain's supply of joyful neuro-chemicals, and began his conversations with "great!" and "wonderful!", the better to exercise his capacity for enthusiasm.

However, some scientists are releasing the most-extensive-ever study comparing moderate and extreme levels of happiness, and finding that being happier is not always better. In surveys of 118 519 people from 96 countries, scientists examined how various levels of subjective well-being matched up with income, education, political participation, volunteer activities and close relationships. They also analyzed how different levels of happiness, as reported by college students, correlated with various outcomes. Even allowing for imprecision in people's self-reported sense of well-being, the results were unambiguous. The highest levels of happiness go along with the most stable, longest and most contented relationships. That is, even a little discontent with your partner can cause you to look around for someone better, until you are at best a serial monogamist and at worst never in a loving, stable relationship.

Nevertheless, "once a moderate level of happiness is achieved, further increases can sometimes be harmful to income, career success, education and political participation", Diener and colleagues write in the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science. On a scale from 1 to 10, where 10s is extremely happy, 8s is more successful than 9s and 10s, getting more education and earning more. That probably reflects the fact that people who are somewhat discontent, but not so depressed as to be paralyzed, are more motivated to improve both their own lot (thus driving themselves to acquire more education and seek ever-more-challenging jobs) and the lot of their community (causing them to participate more in civic and political life). In contrast, people at the top of the jolliness charts feel no such urgency. "If you're totally satisfied with your life and with how things are going in the world," says Diener, "you don't feel very motivated to work for change. Be wary when people tell you that you should be happier."

Sadness

The drawbacks of constant, extreme happiness should not be surprising, since negative emotions evolved for a reason. Fear tips us off to the presence of danger, for instance. Sadness, too, seems to be part of our biological inheritance. Wilson argues that only by experiencing sadness can we experience the fullness of the human condition. He also asserts that "the happy man is a hollow man," but he is hardly the first scholar to see melancholia (精神忧郁症) as inspiration. A classical Greek text, possibly written by Aristotle, asks, "Why is it that all those who have become outstanding in philosophy or politics or poetry or the arts are clearly melancholic?" Wilson's answer is that "the blues can be a catalyst (催化剂) for a special kind of genius, a genius for exploring dark boundaries between opposites

A．The standard of morality.

B．The freedom of speech.

C．The sense of well-being.

D．The access to health care.

During the dispute process between the seller and the buyer, eBay plays the role of______.

A mile or so before they reached Oxford, they stopped the car on top of a hill from which they could see the whole of the city spread out before them. The spires(塔尖) and the domes(圆顶), the college walls and towers looked as peaceful as when they were first built, hundreds of years ago.

When they drove down, over the River Thames and into the city centre, they found it was not so peaceful after all! The main streets were packed with traffic: cars, lorries, coaches full of tourists and the bicycles which the students use to get about. But as soon as they had managed to park the car and get away from the roaring traffic, they discovered a completely different world. Narrow cobbled (铺圆石子的) streets which had hardly changed since the Middle Ages ran between the high college walls of grey or yellow stone. Inside the great double gates of each college they found quiet squares of grass, the library, the dining-hall and the rooms where the students and teachers live. Many colleges had the most beautiful gardens where one could sit and read, talk work or dream.

Most of the students, or undergraduates, wore informal clothes: sports coats, or pullovers, and slacks. But some of them were wearing their black gowns. George explained that they had to wear these when going to lectures or to their weekly meeting with their tutor, or teacher. Tom and Anne were very surprised to see a few young men dressed in formal black suits, with ties ,gowns and scholars' caps. Anne asked whatever they were doing, wearing evening dress in the morning ! George laughed and said that this was the official dress for taking examinations, many of which were held in June.

They stopped the car on top of a hill in order to ______.

A．see the spires and the domes

B．see Oxford

C．to park their car

D．to see the colleges

The best title of the passage might be ______.

A．Fear of Terrorist Attacks

B．Latest Screening Technology

C．New Security Measures Adopted

D．Inspection of Bombs and Weapons

听力原文： German lawmakers have voted to extend and expand the role of German peacekeepers in Kosovo.

By an overwhelming margin, the German parliament approved a one year extension Friday on Germany’s participation in the NATO-led peacekeeping force in Kosovo. Germany contributes about 5,000 troops to the force.

The parliament also voted to allow German troops inside a buffer zone between Kosovo, Serbia and Montenegro. German troops had previously been barred from entering the zone.

German have lawmakers voted to extend and expand the role of German peacekeepers in ________.

A．Kosovo

B．Sorbia

C．Germany

D．Montenegro

A.enlarged the scale of its online education coursework

B.made great profit from online education coursework

C.surpassed the traditional universities in scale

D.became the largest university providing online education

Trademark

What is a trademark?

Trademark is any visible sign or device used by a business enterprise to identify its goods and distinguish them from those made or carried by others. Trademarks may be words or groups of words, letters, numerals, devices, names, the shape or other presentation of products or their packages, color combinations with signs, combinations of colors, and combinations of any of the above signs.

What are the functions of the trademark?

By indicating the origin of goods and services, trademarks serve two important purposes. They provide manufacturers and traders with protection from unfair competition (one person representing or passing for sale his goods as the goods of another), and they provide customers with protection from imitations (assuring them of a certain expected quality). In terms of the protection of the rights of trademark holders, the law in most countries extends beyond the rule of unfair competition, for a trademark is considered the property of the holder; and, as such, unauthorized use of the trademark constitutes not only misrepresentation and fraud but also a violation of the holder's private property fights.

How to register a trademark?

In most countries, registration is a prerequisite (先决条件) for ownership and protection of the mark. In the United States, however, the trademark right is granted by the mere use of the mark; registering the mark provides the owner only with certain procedural advantages and is not a prerequisite for legal protection.

It is not necessary for the mark to be in use before a registration application is filed, although most countries require applicants to have a sincere intent to use the mark after registration. Formerly, the United States was one of the few countries requiring actual use prior to registration. Under the Trademark Law Revision Act of 1988, the United States permits registration upon application showing an intent to use the trademark in the near future.

In many countries, ownership of a trademark is not acknowledged until the mark has been registered and gone uncontested (无异议的) for a given period of time, so as to afford protection to a prior user of the mark. Even after that period has passed, the prior user may move to have the registration canceled. After a certain number of years (from three to seven, depending on the country), the registration and ownership become uncontested.

For a mark to be registered, it must be distinctive. In many cases a mark, when first brought into use, may not have been distinctive, but over time the public may have attached a secondary meaning to it, forming a specific association between the mark and the product, thus making the mark distinctive, hence registrable.

How to treat the infringement?

When a question of infringement (unauthorized use) of a trademark arises, the primary legal question addressed in court is whether the accused infringer's use of the mark is likely to confuse the purchasing public. In most countries, including the United States, protection against infringement extends to goods or services similar to those covered by the registration. In countries following British law (same 66 nations), an infringement action can, however, be brought only for the precise goods identified in the registration.

How to deal with the transfer of a trademark?

For a long time the rights of a trademark could not be transferred separately from the business to which it was attached. Now, however, because trademarks are viewed as property, they may be sold, inherited, or rented, as long as such a transfer of rights does not deceive the public. In most countries a public notice of such a transfer must be given. A common form. of transfer is international licensing, whereby a trademark holder allows the use of his mark

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

A.Ec=EmVm+EfVf

B.1/Ec=1/EmVm+1/EfVf

C.1/Ec=Vm/Em+Vf/Ef

D.Ec=EmVm-EfVf