题目内容
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A、source of information
B、purpose of writing
C、related qualifications/skills
D、academic areas
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第1题
Additionally, Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizaitonal pratices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale’s place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is lrgely due to the propagandistic efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters.
By contrast, the editors of a new volume of Nightingale’s letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced not only her own age but also subsequenct generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform. sanitary conditions after the war. For example, when she learned that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army’s medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860’s.
I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity. When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers. In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.
The passage is primarily concerned with evaluating______
A．the importance of Florence Nightingale’s innovations in the field of nursing
B．contrasting approaches to the writing of historical biography
C．contradictory accounts of Florence Nightingale’s historical significance
D．the quality of health care in nineteenth-century England
E．the effect of the Crimean War on developments in the field of health care
第2题
Shaw was a good, bright, curious student in his school years. At fifteen, he went to work in an office. After five years, he decided that he wanted to be a writer, so he left Ireland then and went to London, where he began to write seriously.
On September 2, 1882, Shaw's ideas on socialism suddenly took shape (成形) when he attended the lecture by an American economist Henry George. The lecture led him to recognize that economics must be at the centre of socialist thought. He studied Karl Marx's Das Kapital and attended a Marxist reading circle on September 5, 1884, eight months after its founding.
In 1898, Shaw married a wealthy, independent woman named Charlotte Payne Townshend. They lived happily together until her death in 1943.
By 1915, Shaw's international fame was firmly established (树立) and his plays were staged (上演) in many countries all over the world, from Britain to Japan. Shaw won the Nobel Prize for literature (文学) in 1925. He came to China in 1932 and 15ecame a friend of Lu Xun, when he was 76 years old.
He died on November 2, 1950. It was reported that on the night of his death, theatres around the world were darkened ill his honour.
Which of the following is NOT true?
A．Bernard Shaw's father drank too much.
B．Bernard Shaw's mother enjoyed music and her children.
C．Bernard Shaw received little love from his mother when he was young.
D．Bernard Shaw's two sisters received little love and attention from their parents when they were young.
第3题
Revenue officials called in about 20 members of the film industry and warned them of severe consequences if the "exploitation" of tax-relief schemes did not immediately stop.
The move, which affects the including low to high-budget film-makers and financiers, is the latest in a series of attempts by the Revenue to clamp down on tax loopholes in an attempt to raise more money for the Exchequer,
But the film industry responded on Thursday night, saying the Revenue could drive productions overseas and would confuse investors.
A series of tax relief schemes, introduced in 1997, enables those involved in the financing of qualifying British-made films to claim the costs of production against future income. The schemes have Become popular with investors seeking a tax shelter, with an estimated ￡400m invested in the schemes in 1997 rising to about ￡2bn last year.
But the Revenue said the industry was exploiting rules on tax relief by "double dipping", that is, by claiming relief more than once against a single piece of expenditure. While not illegal, the Revenue said, the industry was "not playing fair". It said double-dipping was "against the spirit" of legislation designed to encourage investment in the British film industry.
The Revenue said the practice of double dipping was "virtually universal", with "every qualifying film it had seen financed on the basis of double dipping". It warned it would "take all steps to counter such abuse including, where necessary, advising ministers on introducing legislation to put matters beyond doubt".
"Both the Revenue and the government are becoming increasingly exasperated at the extent to which some parts of the industry are exploiting the film reliefs", the Revenue said. "The government remains committed to encouraging film production in the UK through use of the reliefs in the way in which the legislation allows—but this does not extend to deliberate exploitation of those reliefs".
Large film financiers said on Thursday night that the Revenue's action could undermine growth prospects for the British film industry.
Peter James, managing director of Movision Entertainment, which has produced 16 British-made films in recent years, including the soon-to-be released "Merchant of Venice", said while the effect of the Revenue's clamp down would not Be "devastating", it could drive many independent film-makers overseas.
Industry observers said on Thursday the Revenue's move was likely to confuse investors, who have been accustomed to the benefits of double-dipping.
We can learn from the first three paragraphs that ______.
A．film-makers turn to the government for financial help
B．several actions have been taken to stop tax evasion
C．officials have phoned up many film makers to protest
D．more tax relief is needed to keep the industry going
第4题
Revenue officials called in about 20 members of the film industry and warned them of severe consequences if the "exploitation" of tax-relief schemes did not immediately stop.
The move, which affects the including low- to high-budget film-makers and financiers, is the latest in a series of attempts by the Revenue to clamp down on tax loopholes in an attempt to raise more money for the Exchequer.
But the film industry responded on Thursday night, saying the Revenue could drive productions overseas and would confuse investors.
A series of tax relief schemes, introduced in 1997, enables those involved in the financing of qualifying British-made films to claim the costs of production against future income. The schemes have become popular with investors seeking a tax shelter, with an estimated ￡400m invested in the schemes in 1997 rising to about ￡2bn last year.
But the Revenue said the industry was exploiting rules on tax relief by "double-dipping", that is, by claiming relief more than once against a single piece of expenditure. While not illegal, the Revenue said, the industry was "not playing fair". It said double-dipping was "against the spirit" of legislation designed to encourage investment in the British film industry.
The Revenue said the practice of double-dipping was "virtually universal", with "every qualifying film it had seen financed on the basis of double-dipping". It warned it would "take all steps to counter such abuse including, where necessary, advising ministers on introducing legislation to put matters beyond doubt".
"Both the Revenue and the government are becoming increasingly exasperated at the extent to which some parts of the industry are exploiting the film reliefs," the Revenue said. "The government remains committed to encouraging film production in the UK through use of the reliefs in the way in which the legislation allows—but this does not extend to deliberate exploitation of those reliefs."
Large film financiers said on Thursday night that the Revenue's action could undermine growth prospects for the British film industry.
Peter James, managing director of Movision Entertainment, which has produced 16 British-made films in recent years, including the soon-to-be released "Merchant of Venice", said while the effect of the Revenue's clamp down would not be "devastating", it could drive many independent film-makers overseas.
Industry observers said on Thursday the Revenue's move was likely to confuse investors, who have been accustomed to the benefits of double-dipping.
We can learn from the first three paragraphs that______.
A．film-makers turn to the government for financial help
B．several actions have been taken to stop tax evasion
C．officials have phoned up many film-makers to protest
D．more tax relief is needed to keep the industry going
第5题
A．真
B．假
C．NOT GIVEN
第6题
According to the passage, why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?
A．Few colonial printers owned printing machinery the was large enough to handle major projects.
B．There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.
C．Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.
D．Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.
第7题
in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as
publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was
difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in
(5) Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and
type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one
sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments
of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itselt to subjects of
high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer
(10) miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a
major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing
wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors
impatient for payment
In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts,
(15) catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy.
Chapbook were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems,
short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally
bound simply, in boards (a form. of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a
sewn antecedent of modem-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require
(20) fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, costeffective
editions and sold cheaply.
By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that
had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the
publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications
(25) would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information
on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of
a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the
locale in which they would be used
Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?
A．Laws governing the printing industry.
B．Competition among printers
C．Types of publications produced
D．Advances in printing technology
第8题
The Guardian1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.
If successful, virus therapy could eventually form. a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.
Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour"s pioneering techniques.
One of the country"s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you"ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.
Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body"s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn"t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there"s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer"s Achilles" heel."
Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.
Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It"s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we"ve had before."
Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.
Prof Seymour"s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body"s immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body"s immune system destroying them on the way.
"What we"ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it"s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.
After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body"s immune system.
The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There"s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.
Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.
The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.
(665 words)
Questions 29-34
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 29-34 write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.
Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.
Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.
To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.
Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.
Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.
To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try toA.change the body’ immune system
B.inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.
C.increase the amount of injection
D.disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.
When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copiesA.will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.
B.will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.
C.will be immediately recognized by the researchers.
D.will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.
Question 36-37 Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer. Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found
A.on TV
B.in magazines
C.on internet
D.in newspapers
Questions 38-41 Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once. NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all. In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to 38___________ adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the 39___________ These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right 40___________ needed. The experiments will firstly be 41___________ to the treatment of certain cancers List of Words dosage responding smallpox virus disable natural ones inject directed treatment cold-like illness kill patients examined
38.___________
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
第9题
On the other side of the coin was the "bear". Instead of buying a stock, then selling it, the bear did the opposite. He sold a stock first, then bought it back at what he hoped would be a lower price. There is hard evidence that "bull" was stock market slang in Europe in the middle 1700's. Such evidence can be found in the works of several 18th century British dramatists. The famous Colley Cibber, for example, describes a man who boasts of the money he has been making on the Lon don Exchange. "Every shilling," he says, "out of stocks, bulls, bears and bubbles!"
Samuel Foote calls one of his characters a "mere bull and bear booby: the patron of lame ducks, brokers and fraudulent (欺骗性的) foot bankrupts!" Still, it is generally believed that "bear" became part of stock market slang long before "bull" did so. The use of "bear" , we are told, comes from a very old and well-known fable. This is the story of a man who sold the skin of a bear even before he caught the animal, just as some speculators sold stocks that they had not yet bought. English financiers of the 17th century made fun of such traders and called them "break skin jobbers". As an English dictionary of the time explained: "To sell a bear is to sell what one has not."
The financial history of the past 200 years, both in America and Europe, tells some wild stories about the bears and bulls and their efforts to influence the stock market. Some of their dishonest deals, trades and speculations have given writers and dramatists much material for their plays, novels and satires.
Happily, in recent times, the bears and the bulls have been brought under control. Laws have been passed to keep dishonest traders from the exchanges. The bears and the bulls in their time have had their fun and their profits. They certainly were a wild breed in their more dramatic and destructive days, bringing ruin to the exchanges and economies of nations.
They make colorful, exciting reading, but they are part of the past. Today, thank God, the bears and bulls have been tamed. They now act like house pets--as seen in the words of a modem American poet, "I play with the bulls and the bears."
Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage?
A．Bears and Bulls
B．The Domestication of Bears
C．Phrases and Animals
D．Bullfighting
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