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四、SHORT QUESTIONS: (30 points，10 points for each) 1. Describe the definition and process of subcloning. 2. List the elongation factors involved in proteins translation of prokaryotes, and describe their functions. 3. The mechanism of rolling circle replication。
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第1题
三、TURE OR FALSE: (10 points, 2 points for each) 1. The origins of eukaryotes are more complex than those of prokaryotes because the initiation of DNA replication and the control of the growth cycle of the organism are regulated and co-ordinated at these sites. （ ） 2. Minichromosomes are applied widely to study initiation mechanism of DNA replication in prokaryotes because the phages and plasmids are not good models. （ ） 3. Transposons (Tn) or transposable elements are small DNA sequences that can move to virtually any position in a cell genome. （ ） 4. All RNA polymerases and DNA polymerases either in prokaryotes or in eukaryotes like E.coli polymerase have a multisubunit structure. （ ） 5. TFIIF is a large multicomponent protein complex which contains both kinase and helicase activity. （ ）
第2题
三、TURE OR FALSE: (10 points, 2 points for each) 1. The principal properties that can be exploited to separate proteins form each other are size, charge, hydrophobicity and affinity for other molecules. （ ） 2. RNA transcription is asymmetric. It means the coding strand is always the same strand. （ ） 3. There is a loop of 12 amino acids anchored by two cysteine and two histidine residues that tetrahedrally co-ordinate a zinc ion in C2H2 zinc finger. （ ） 4. Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules that can catalyze particular biochemical reactions in the absence of protein. （ ） 5. Both shearing and sonication denature the DNA. They also reduce the length of DNA. （ ）
第3题
Part Two Questions 1-10 （2 points for each 20 points totally） Questions 1 – 10 1.( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5. ( ) 6.（ ） Directions: There are two passages in this section.For each question (1-10), mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet. You should decide on the best choice. Passage One CREATIVITY IN THE WORKPLACE (questions 1-6 ，12 points totally) Yet while senior managers may regret the lack of creativity, they must take much of the blame for creating the situation. Until recently, successive generations of management ignored innovative ideas from employees. Indeed, new ways of thinking were often regarded as an unwanted distraction, and original thinkers received little support. Despite the fact that many organisations are now taking steps to re orient the business culture to promote creativity, it is not surprising, given this background, that a creative environment Is hard to establish. Another related issue is raised by Katrina Murray, a partner in a management consultancy: 'While many senior managers still complain about the lack of support lor creativity in their organisations, they also fall to appreciate the contribution that they themselves can make. In some companies, there is a perception that only managers at board level can influence the company culture.' Murray feels that such organisations are unlikely to change. For her, 'creative organisations are made up of individuals who believe they can dictate their own future. Companies need to be able to spot these Individuals and gently encourage them to lead the way.' It Is also necessary for senior managers to re examine their role. According to Alex Sadowski, an American professor of management science, promoting creativity means re-evaluating most of what we know about management. It means organisations must be prepared to invest In ideas without being sure of the return on that investment.Katrina Murray agrees with this view. 'Businesses are expert at the measured approach, which involves analysis and risk avoidance. But there is another approach, which involves intuition and not always looking at the bottom line. What Is hard is establishing a working environment in which both these approaches can function simultaneously. Nevertheless, there are some pleasing Indicators of progress in this area. Many of the senior managers Interviewed in the survey say their organisations have adopted a number of strategies to encourage individuals to channel their creativity. Among these are giving open and honest feedback, allowing employees the freedom to measure their performance against more flexible goals, and higher toleration levels of failure. Senior managers also recognize that the way an organisation is led and managed is critical to building a creative environment and that they themselves have an important role to play. But there are some experts who believe an even more fundamental change is needed. Tom Robertson, a professor of creative education, believes that the lack of creativity In companies is a problem that originated in schools and universities. The solution, he says, lies in more enlightened educational policies. 'There are already signs on this, but creativity is still concentrated in certain sectors, such as pharmaceuticals, advertising and the media. These sectors have always valued creativity, but the real challenge will be to shift some of these sectors practices into more traditional manufacturing and service companies. （ ）1.Many senior managers feel that organisations have difficulties innovating because of A. a poor level of skills among employees B. an emphasis on rapid achievement C. an increased risk associated with change D. an insistence on a standard company philosophy （ ）2.According to the writer, many organisations today are A.finding it easier to introduce a creative approach B.having problems understanding innovation as a concept C.actively developing the conditions for a creative approach D.resisting innovative staff suggestions （ ）3.In the third paragraph, Katrina Murray expresses the view that A. top management must dictate the pace of change B. some employees lack a commitment to change. C. most organisations are incapable of bringing about effective change D. some senior managers underestimate the role they can play in achieving change. （ ）4.Alex Sadowski and Katrina Murray agree that to be truly innovative, organisations must A. invest in the right managers B. place less emphasis on financial considerations C. have a double focus to their policies D. not to change employer （ ）5.According to the survey, which of the following strategies has been introduced to encourage creativity? A.a greater acceptance of error B.financial rewards for higher levels of creativity C.the introduction of specific performance targets D. the promotion of creative individuals to senior posts （ ）6.Tom Robertson believes that, in the future, it will be difficult to achieve A.an educational system that encourages creativity B.a combination of practices that promote creativity C.the spread of creativity to a range of businesses D.a greater respect for creativity in pharmaceutical companies
第4题
第5题
Listen to the following short statements and then choose one of the answers that best fits the meaning of each statement. There are 10 questions in this section, 1 points for each question. You will hear the recording only ONCE.
听力原文：Those who throw dirt are sure to lose ground.
What does the speaker mean?
A．People who throw dirt will be punished.
B．People who throw dirt will meet resistance.
C．People who throw dirt will lose justification and support.
D．People who throw dirt will get dirty themselves.
第6题
Listen to the following short statements and then choose one of the answers that best fits the meaning of each statement. There are 10 questions in this section, 1 points for each question. You will hear the recording only ONCE.
听力原文：Drivers under 21 are regarded as poor risks by insurance companies.
What do the insurance companies think of the drivers under 21?
A．They are financially weak.
B．Their do not have adequate driving experience.
C．They are both physically and psychologically immature.
D．They have more possibilities to have traffic accidents.
第7题
Listen to the following short statements and then choose one of the answers that best fits the meaning of each statement. There are 10 questions in this section, 1 points for each question. You will hear the recording only ONCE.
听力原文：Here in America, the train system isn't very good. Trains don't go any faster than cars; you're better off taking a plane.
Which of the following is true about American transportation system?
A．Only those who are well off can afford to travel by plane.
B．Trains run even slower than cars.
C．People prefer to take trains even they are slower than planes.
D．Cars are preferred over planes.
第8题
Listen to the following short statements and then choose one of the answers that best fits the meaning of each statement. There are 10 questions in this section, 1 points for each question. You will hear the recording only ONCE.
听力原文：Starting over is out of the question.
Which of the following is true according to the speaker?
A．There are some questions if we start over.
B．We should do it again.
C．It's impossible to do it again.
D．We should start over.
第9题
Listen to the following short statements and then choose one of the answers that best fits the meaning of each statement. There are 10 questions in this section, 1 points for each question. You will hear the recording only ONCE.
听力原文：I thought it better to tackle Jeff outside of business hours.
What does the speaker mean?
A．He considered giving Jeff a good beat off duty.
B．He would rather not bargain with Jeff during business hours.
C．He would prefer to deal the problem with Jeff off duty.
D．He regarded Jeff a tough person.
第10题
Listen to the following short statements and then choose one of the answers that best fits the meaning of each statement. There are 10 questions in this section, 1 points for each question. You will hear the recording only ONCE.
听力原文：I thought it better to tackle Jeff outside of business hours.
What does the speaker mean?
A．He considered giving Jeff a good beat off duty.
B．He would rather not bargain with Jeff during business hours.
C．He would prefer to deal with the problem with Jeff off duty.
D．He regarded Jeff as a tough person.
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