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READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on R

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Measuring Organisational Performance

There is clear-cut evidence that, for a period of at least one year, supervision which increases the direct pressure for productivity can achieve significant increases in production. However, such short-term increases are obtained only at a substantial and serious cost to the organisation.

To what extent can a manager make an impressive earnings record over a short period of one to three years by exploiting the company's investment in the human organisation in his plant or division? To what extent will the quality of his organisation suffer if he does so? The following is a description of an important study conducted by the Institute for Social Research designed to answer these questions.

The study covered 500 clerical employees in four parallel divisions. Each division was organised in exactly the same way, used the same technology, did exactly the same kind of work, and had employees of comparable aptitudes.

Productivity in all four of the divisions depended on the number of clerks involved. The work entailed the processing of accounts and generating of invoices. Although the volume of work was considerable, the nature of the business was such that it could only be processed as it came along. Consequently, the only way in which productivity could be increased was to change the size of the work group.

The four divisions were assigned to two experimental programmes on a random basis. Each programme was assigned at random a division that had been historically high in productivity and a division that had been below average in productivity. No attempt was made to place a division in the programme that would best fit its habitual methods of supervision used by the manager, assistant managers, supervisors and assistant supervisors.

The experiment at the clerical level lasted for one year. Beforehand, several months were devoted to planning, and there was also a training period of approximately six months. Productivity was measured continuously and computed weekly throughout the year. The attitudes of employees and supervisory staff towards their work were measured just before and after the period.

Turning now to the heart of the study, in two divisions an attempt was made to change the supervision so that the decision levels were pushed down and detailed supervision of the workers reduced. More general supervision of the clerks and their supervisors was introduced. In addition, the managers, assistant managers, supervisors and assistant supervisors of these two divisions were trained in group methods of leadership, which they endeavoured to use as much as their skill would permit during the experimental year. For easy reference, the experimental changes in these two divisions will be labelled the 'participative programmer.

In the other two divisions, by contrast, the programme called for modifying the supervision so as to increase the closeness of supervision and move the decision levels upwards. This will be labelled the 'hierarchically controlled programme'. These changes were accomplished by a further extension of the scientific management approach. For example, one of the major changes made was to have the jobs timed and to have standard times computed. This showed that these divisions were overstaffed by about 30%. The general manager then ordered the managers of these two divisions to cut staff by 25%. This was done by transfers without replacing the persons who left; no one was to be dismissed.

Results of the Experiment

READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes

Changes in Productivity

Figure 1 shows the changes in salary costs per unit of work, which reflect the change in productivity that occurred in the divi

A.establish whether increased productivity should be sought at any cost.

B.show that four divisions could use the same technology.

C.perfect a system for processing accounts.

D.exploit the human organisation of a company in order to increase profits.

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第1题

男,64岁,散步时突然自觉腹部不适,恶心,头晕,出虚汗,心率加快,心慌,急就诊,查体:P 118次/分; BP10
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A.脾破裂

B.肝癌破裂

C.溃疡病穿孔

D.急性坏死性胰腺炎

E.急性化脓性胆囊炎

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第2题

男,64岁。散步时突然自觉腹部不适、恶心、头晕、出虚汗、心率加快、心慌,急就诊,查体:呼吸118次/分,血
压100/60mmHg,心率整,面色苍白,腹部广泛压痛,尤以右侧腹明显,轻度肌紧张,既往有肝炎后肝硬化史,但无出血史,亦未做进一步检查。最可能的诊断是

A.脾破裂

B.肝癌破裂

C.溃疡病穿孔

D.急性坏死性胰腺炎

E.急性化脓性胆囊炎

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第3题

男,64岁。散步时突然自觉腹部不适、恶心、头晕、出虚汗、心率加快、心慌,急就诊,查体:呼吸118次/分,血
压100/60mmHg,心率整,面色苍白,腹部广泛压痛,尤以右侧腹明显,轻度肌紧张,既往有肝炎后肝硬化史,但无出血史,亦未做进一步检查。最可能的诊断是

A.脾破裂

B.肝癌破裂

C.溃疡病穿孔

D.急性坏死性胰腺炎

E.急性化脓性胆囊炎

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第4题

男,64岁,散步时突然自觉腹部不适,恶心,头晕,出虚汗,心率加快,心慌,急就诊,查体:Pll8次/分;BPlOO/60mmHg;心律整,面色苍白,腹部广泛压痛,尤以右侧腹明显,轻度肌紧张,既往有肝炎后肝硬化史,但无出血史,亦未做进一步检查。最可能的诊断是()

A.脾破裂

B.肝癌破裂

C.溃疡病穿孔

D.急性坏死性胰腺炎

E.急性化脓性胆囊炎

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第5题

男,64岁,散步时突然自觉腹部不适,恶心,头晕,出虚汗,心率加快,心慌,急就诊,查体:P118次/分;BP100/60mmHg;心率整,面色苍白,腹部广泛压痛,尤以右侧腹明显,轻度肌紧张,既往有肝炎后肝硬化史,但无出血史,亦未做进一步检查。最可能的诊断是

A、脾破裂

B、肝癌破裂

C、溃疡病穿孔

D、急性坏死性胰腺炎

E、急性化脓性胆囊炎

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第6题

患者男,64岁。散步时突然自觉腹部不适,恶心,头晕,出虚汗,心率加快,心慌,急就诊。查体:P118次/分;BP 100/60mmHg;心律整,面色苍白,腹部广泛压痛,尤以右侧腹明显,轻度肌紧张,既往有肝炎后肝硬化史,但无出血史,亦未做进一步检查。最可能的诊断是()

A.脾破裂

B.肝癌破裂

C.溃疡病穿孔

D.急性坏死性胰腺炎

E.肝炎发作

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第7题

男,64岁。散步时突然自觉腹部不适、恶心、头晕、出虚汗、心率加快、心悸,急就诊。查体:心率118次/分,血
压100/60mmHg,心律齐,面色苍白,腹部广泛压痛,尤以右侧腹明显,轻度肌紧张。既往有肝炎后肝硬化史,但无出血史,亦未做进一步检查。最可能的诊断是

A.脾破裂

B.肝癌破裂

C.溃疡病穿孔

D.急性坏死性胰腺炎

E.急性化脓性胆囊炎

点击查看答案

第8题

男性,64岁。散步时突然自觉腹部不适、恶心、头晕、出虚汗、心率加快、心悸,急就诊。查体:心率118次/分,B
P 100/60mmHg,心律齐,面色苍白,腹部广泛压痛,尤以右侧腹明显,轻度肌紧张。既往有肝炎后肝硬化史,但无出血史,亦未做进一步检查。最可能的诊断是

A.脾破裂

B.肝癌破裂

C.溃疡病穿孔

D.急性坏死性胰腺炎

E.急性化脓性胆囊炎

点击查看答案

第9题

患者,男性,65岁,散步时突然自觉腹部不适、恶心、头晕、出虚汗、心率加快、心慌,急忙就诊,查体:脉搏118
次/分,血压100/60 mmHg,心律齐,面色苍白,腹部广泛压痛,尤以右侧腹部明显,轻度肌紧张,既往有肝炎后肝硬化史,但无出血史,未做进一步检查。最可能的诊断是

A.脾破裂

B.肝癌破裂

C.溃疡病穿孔

D.急性坏死性胰腺炎

E.急性化脓性胆囊炎

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