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An internal conversion process can not occur between two different electronic levels

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第1题

Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh

Master of Urban and Regional Planning (MURP)

Planning is a comprehensive process through which public and private decision makers can arrive at policy decisions affecting the growth and development of cities and regions. The planning process encompasses public policy areas such as economic and community development; housing; transportation; health, education, and welfare; growth management; public safety; leisure, recreation, and cultural opportunities; aesthetics and historic preservation. Planning, an integral function of departmental structures of government at the national, state, and local levels, also occurs within special authorities serving multijurisdictional organizations and private consultancies that provide planning expertise to a variety of interest groups concerned with the making of public policy. GSPIA’ s urban arid regional planning program prepares planners who analyze problems of people in urban and regional environments and guide the implementation of planned change to improve the quality and conditions of life. The skills and knowledge that students in this program master have their foundations in social, natural, and applied sciences. Primary focus is placed on the comprehensiveness of the planning function not only in terms of issue identification, policy formulation, plan preparation, and program implementation, but also in the context of environmental, social, economic, and political circumstances that impinge on the professional abilities of planners to identify and serve public interests. GSPIA ’ s planning program educates students as generalists and as specialists. This means that students are exposed to a broad array of urban/regional problems and issues, skills and knowledge, methods and techniques, theory, and practice.

See also: MURP, Course Requirements, General Regulations, Tuition and Fees, Admission Information and Requirements

The graduates from the MURP program will most likely______.

A．be a staunch supporter of Greenpeace movement

B．provide expertise in decision-making concerning growth

C．work in non-profit welfare organizations

D．help to plan and design the layout of a city

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第2题

1 "International communication" is communication between members of different cultures. This definition is simple. But the process is complex. Intercultural communication involves differing perception, attitudes, and interpretations. We know that even two people from the same culture can have communication problems. People can unintentionally hurt each other by something they say or do. Isn't it logical, then, that communication problems can be compounded among people who do not have the benefit of shared experiences (i. e. language and culture)?

2 Cultures do not communicate; individuals do. Everyone has a unique style. of communication, but cultures determine a general style. for their members. The relationship of the individual to his culture is analogous to an actor and his director. The actor puts his own personality into his acting but is nevertheless influenced by the director. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our cultures.

3 Problems and misinterpretations do not result every time members from two cultures communicate. However, when cultural conflicts do arise, they may be perceived as personal rather than cultural. Some misunderstandings are insignificant and can be easily ignored or remedied. Other conflicts are more serious in that they can cause misunderstandings and create persistent negative attitudes toward foreigners.

4 Difficulties in intercultural communication arise when there is little or no awareness of divergent cultural values and beliefs. In cross-cultural interaction, speakers sometimes assume what they believe is right, because they have grown up thinking their way is the best. This ethnocentric assumption can result in negative judgments about other cultures. Another manifestation of ethnocentric attitudes is that people become critical of individuals from different cultures.

5 Sometimes negative reactions do not result from actual interaction but rather from the fixed, preconceived beliefs we have about other people. These over-generalized beliefs or "stereotypes" frequently shape people's perceptions of each other.

6 Stereotypes originate and develop from numerous sources such as jokes, textbooks, movies, and television. Movies about cowboys and Indians portray cowboys as "civilized" and Indians as wild and "primitive." A child who knows about the American Indians only through watching these movies will have a distorted and false image of this group of people. Stereotypes perpetuate inaccuracies about religious, racial, and cultural groups.

7 Stereotyped beliefs prevent us from seeing people as individuals with unique characteristics. Negative stereotypes lead to prejudice, suspicion, intolerance, or hatred of other cultural groups.

8 Cultural conflicts occur as a result of misinterpretations, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, and prejudice. Preventing these conflicts is possible with increased awareness of our own attitudes as well as sensitivity to cross-cultural differences. Developing intercultural sensitivity does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities but rather that we recognize cultural influence within ourselves and within others.

By comparing the culture to the director, the author purports to__________

A．stress the significance of culture

B．show the indispensable role of culture

C．describe the dominant effect of culture

D．illustrate the subtle influence of culture

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第3题

Networks can be interconnected by different devices in the physical layer networks can be connected by (71) or hubs．which just move the bits from one network to an identical network．One layer up we find bridges and switches which operate at data link layer．They can accept (72) ，examine the MAC address and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process in me network layer，we have routers that can connect two networks，If two networks have (73) network layer，the router may be able to translate betweenthe packer formats．In the transport layer we find transport gateway，which can interface between two transport connections Finally，in the application layer，application gateways translate message (74) ．As an example，gateways between Internet e-mail and X，400 e-mail must (75) thee-mail message and change various header fields．

(68)

A．reapers

B．relays

C．packages

D．modems

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第4题

● Networks can be interconnected by different devices. In the physical layer，networks can be connected by（1）or hubs，which just move the bits from one network to an identical network. One layer up we find bridges and switches，which operate at data link layer. They can accept（2）,examine the MAC address，and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer，we have routers that can connect two networks. If two networks have（3）network layer， the router may be able to translate between the packet formats. In the transport layer we find transport gateway， which can interface between two transport connections. Finally，in the application layer， application gateways translate message（4）.As an example， gateways between Internet e-mail and X.400 e-mail must （5）the e-mail message and change various header fields.

（1）

A.reapers

B.relays

C.connectors

D.modems

（2）

A.frames

B.packets

C.packages

D.cells

（3）

A.specia l

B.dependent

C.similar

D.dissimilar

（4）

A.syntax

B.semantics

C.language

D.format

（5）

A.analyze

B.parse

C.delete

D.create

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第5题

Networks can be interconnected by different devices. In the physical layer, networks can be connected by(1)or hubs, which just move the bits from one network to an identical network. One layer up we find bridges and switches, which operate at data link layer. They can accept(2), examine the MAC address, and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer, we have routers that can connect two networks. If two networks have(3)network layer, the router may be able to translate between the packet formats. In the transport layer we find transport gateway, which can interface between two transport connections. Finally, in the application layer, application gateways translate message(4). As an example, gateways between Internet e-mail and X.400 e-mail must(5)the e-mail message and change various header fields.

A．reapers

B．relays

C．connectors

D．modems

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第6题

Networks can be interconnected by different devices. In the physical layer, networks can be connected by(66)or hubs, which just move the bits from one network to an identical network. One layer up we find bridges and switches, which operate at data link layer. They can accept(67), examine the MAC address, and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer, we have routers that can connect two networks. If two networks have(68)network layer, the router may be able to translate between the packet formats. In the transport layer we fmd transport gateway, which can interface between two transport connections. Finally, in the application layer, application gateways translate message(69). As an example, gateways between Internet e-mail and X.400 e-mail must(70)the e-mail message and change various header fields.

A．repeaters

B．relays

C．connectors

D．modems

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第7题

A．repeaters

B．relays

C．connectors

D．modems

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第8题

从供选择的答案中，选出最确切的解答。

Networks can be interconnected by different devices. In the physical layer, networks can be connected by(1)or hubs, which just move the bits from one network to an identical network. One layer up we fine bridges and switches, which operate at data link layer. They can accept(2)，examine the MAC address and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer, we have routers that can connect two networks. If two networks have(3)network layer, the router may be able to translate between the packer formats. In the transport layer we find transport gateway, which can interface between two transport connections. Finally, in the application layer, application gateways translate message(4). As an example, gateways between Intemet E-mail and X.400 E-mail must(5)the E-mail message and change various header fields.

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第9题

Networks can be interconnected by different devices. In the physical layer, networks can be connected by(66)or Hubs, which just move the bits from one network to an identical network. One layer up we find bridges and swiches, which operate at data link layer. They can accept(67),examine the MAC address, and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process. In the network layer, we have routers that can connect two netwoks. If two networks have(68)network layer, the router may be able to translate between the packet formats. In the transport layer we find transport gateway, which can interface between the two transport connections. Finally, in the application layer, application gateways translate message(69). As an example, gateways between Internet e-mail and X. 400 e-mail must(70)the e-mail message and change various header fields.

A．reapers

B．relays

C．connects

D．modems

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第10题

●Networks can be interconnected by different devices．In the physical layer，networks can be connected by (66) or Hubs，which just move the bits from one network to an identical network．One layer up we find bridgas and swiehes,which operate at data link layer．They can accept (67) ，examine the MAC address，and forward the frames to a different network while doing minor protocol translation in the process．In the network layer，we have routers that can connect two netwoks．If two networks have (68) network layer，the router may be able to translate between the packet formats．In the transport layer we find transport gateway，which can interface between the two transport connections．Finally，in the application layer，application gateways translate message (69) ．As an example，gateways between Internet e-mail and X．400 e-mail must (70) the e-mail message and change various header fields．

(66) A．reapers

B．relays

C．connects

D．modems

(67) A．frames

B．bytes

C．packages

D．cells

(68) A．special

B．dependent

C．similar

D．dissimilar

(69) A．syntax

B．semantics

C．languages

D．format

(70) A．analyze

B．pairs

C．delete

D．create

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