Type 1 diabetes is less common than type 2 diabetes, and it often begins early in life.（）

When you have Type 2 diabetes, it is sometimes possible to find that

A．your son has diabetes too

B．your father has diabetes too

C．your father-in-law is too fat

D．your brother does not like sports

根据材料请回答 36～40

Diabetes

Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose(葡萄糖)for our bodies to use for ener-gy.The pancreas(胰腺), an organ near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into your body cells.When you have diabetes(糖尿病), your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin well.This problem Causes glucose to build up in your blood.

You may recall having some of these signs before you found out you had diabetes.

* Being very thirsty.

* Urinating a lot -- often at night.

* Having unclear vision from time to time.

* Feeling very tired much of the time.

* Losing weight without trying.

* Having very dry skin.

* Having sores(疼痛)that are slow to heal.

* Getting more infections than usual.

* Vomiting(呕吐).

Two main types of diabetes are Type 1 and Type 2.Another type of diabetes appears during pregnancy in some women.It's called gestational(妊娠)diabetes.

One out of ten people with diabetes has Type 1 diabetes.These people usually find out they have diabetes when they are children or young adults.The pancreas of a person with Type 1 makes little or no insulin.People with Type 1 diabetes must inject insulin ev-ery day to live.

Most people with diabetes have Type 2 diabetes.The pancreas of people with such di- abetes keeps making insulin for some time, but the body can't use it well.Most people with Type 2 find out about their diabetes after age 30 or 40.

Some risk factors which make people more likely to get Type 2 diabetes are:

* A family history of diabetes.

* Lack of exercise.

* Weighing too much.

Diabetes can hurt your eyes, your kidneys, and your nerves.It can lead to problems with the blood circulation in your.body.Even your teeth and gums can be harmed.And di- abetes in pregnancy can cause special problems.

第 36 题 This writing is meant to tell people_______ .

A．how to avoid getting diabetes

B．what to pay attention to when they have diabetes

C．what diabetes is

D．about the development in curing diabetes

Which of the following statements is true about type 1 diabetes A) It is an incurable and untreatable disease. B) It happens mostly to juveniles. C) It endangers some organs of the body. D) It can be cured by injecting insulin into the body.

A．It is an incurable and untreatable disease

B．It happens mostly to juveniles．

C．It endangers some organs of the body．

D．It can be cured by injecting insulin into the body．

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A．Most persons with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes are women in pregnancy.

B．Most women in pregnancy may have the danger of getting diabetes.

C．We find more persons with Type 2 diabetes among children than older persons.

D．We find more persons with Type 2 diabetes among older persons than children.

Diabetes（糖屎病）and Eye Damage 0vet 2 million Canadians have diabetes.It is the leading cause of blindness in North Americans under 65 years of age Diabetes is a condition where the body either cannot produce enough insulin(胰岛素)or cannot respond properly to insulin.Insulin is important because it moves glucose(葡萄糖)，a simple sugar.into the body'S cells from the blood.The food people eat provides the body with glucose，which is used by the cells as a source of energy.If insulin isn't available or doesn't work correctly to move glucose from the blood into the cells，glucose will stay in the blood，leading to high blood sugar levels.

High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels，including the tiny blood vessels in the eye.This leads to an eye disease known as diabetic retinopathy(糖尿病型视网膜病).The retina (视网膜)is an area at the back of the eye that changes light into nerve signals.With diabetic retinopathy，some blood vessels in the retina are lost，and some of the other blood vessels begin to"leak''blood This causes the retina to swell.and gradually cuts off its supply of oxygen and nutrients(滋养物).Eventually，the retina starts to grow new blood vessels to replace the damaged ones.Unfortunately，these new vessels are not as strong as the old ones They are more likely to break，causing bleeding in the eye

At first，people with diabetic retinopathy will not notice any symptoms.As the disease gets worse，they may notice blurred(模糊的)vision，black spots or flashing lights.As time goes on，it Can progress to blindness Everyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic retinopathy，and the risk increases the longer you've had diabetes

Fortunately，you can reduce your risk If you do not have diabetes，but think you may be at risk for this condition.visit your doctor to be screened for diabetes.If you d0 have diabetes：

Have frequent eye check-ups.

Make sure that you monitor your blood sugar frequently and use your medications as recommended by your doctor There is evidence to show that keeping your blood sugar under tight control can slow down eye damage

If you have high blood pressure，follow your recommended diet and medications to keep it under control.If you are not sure whether you have high blood pressure，or whether your blood pressure is under control，discuss this with your doctor.

第6题：Glucose cannot be turned into energy in the body

A．without diabetes

B．without sugar

C．without insulin

D．without food

SECTION 2 Optional Translation (30 points)

A 17-year U. S. study has finally answered one of the most pressing questions about diabetes: Can tight control of blood sugar prevent heart attacks and strokes?

The answer, reported Thursday in The New England Journal of Medicine, is yes. Intense control can reduce the risk by nearly half.

And, the study found, the effect occurred even though the patients had only had a relatively brief period of intense blood sugar control when they were young adults. None the less, more than a decade later, when they reached middle age, when heart disease and strokes normally start to appear, they were protected. The study involved those with Type 1 diabetes, which usually arises early in life and involves the death of insulin-secreting cells.

The question of whether rigid blood sugar control protects against heart disease and strokes has divided the field for decades, diabetes researchers said.

"It's really a major question that has been around for a long time," said Dr. Judith Fradkin, who directs diabetes research at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,

Researchers knew that diabetes was linked to heart disease — at least two-thirds of diabetics die of heart disease. But although studies showed that controlling blood sugar protects against damage to the eyes, kidneys and nerves, there was no conclusive evidence that it would have the same effect on heart disease and strokes.

"In that sense, this is a landmark study," said Fradkin.

But the result also gives rise to questions: Does the same effect occur in people with Type 2 diabetes, which usually occurs later in life and involves an inability to respond to insulin? And why would tight control of blood sugar for one brief period have such a pronounced effect later?

Fradkin said she expected the results would hold for Type 2 diabetes. Another large U. S. federal study is addressing that question, she notes, but it is already known that tight control of blood sugar in Type 2 diabetes protects against nerve, kidney and eye damage, just as it does with Type 1 diabetes. In addition, a study in Britain hinted — although it did not demonstrate — that Type 2 diabetics who keep their blood sugar low have less heart disease and strokes.

Fradkin said she hoped the emerging evidence and improving therapies would make a difference.

About 79 million Americans have pre-diabetes(糖尿病前期). That means they have blood sugar thats higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed(诊断)with type 2—at least not yet. One long-term study reported by the American Diabetes Association found that 11 % of people with pre-diabetes develop the full-blown disease each year. Another study shows that pre-diabetes will probably become type 2 in 10 years or less. Yet, that process is not inevitable. Last year, scientists in Colorado found that people with pre-diabetes who lowered their blood sugar to normal levels—even briefly—were 56% less likely to reach type 2 levels. If you have pre-diabetes, here are four steps to help prevent or delay a diabetes diagnosis: Lose 7% of your body weight. That is about 15 pounds for the persons who weigh 200. Dropping that small percentage has been shown to lower the risk of developing type 2 by close to 60%. Exercise 30 minutes five days a week. Whether you do the 30 minutes in one shot or in three 10-minute sessions, the benefit is the same. Choose certain exercises, such as fast walking, playing tennis or lifting weights. Physical activity such as sweeping floors works, too. Turn to your doctor. In some cases, pre-diabetes raises the risk of heart disease and stroke by 50%. Your doctor may use some medicine to control your glucose(葡萄糖)levels and keep your blood pressure in check. Know your numbers. To see if your pre-diabetes is improving, have your blood sugar checked regularly. A fasting blood sugar of 100 to 125 mg/dl suggests pre-diabetes: 126 mg/dl or above is diabetes: and below 100 is normal. Other tests, including glucose tolerance and AIC, also are used to monitor blood sugar.

What do we learn from the two studies mentioned in Paragraph 1?

A．Pre-diabetes will surely become type 2 diabetes.

B．Pre-diabetes is likely to become diabetes within years.

C．Enough attention should be paid to the treatment of type 2.

D．Pre-diabetes is ranked No. 1 danger threatening Americans" health.

1)People with diabetes have too much sugar in their blood, so a drug that lowers blood sugar ought to be a good treatment, right?

2) Maybe not. Consider the diabetes drug Avandia, or rosiglitazone, which was approved in 1999．it lowers blood sugar, and about a million people in the United States have been talking it for Type 2 diabetes, the most common form. of the disease. But last week, doctors reported that Avandia might increase the risk of heart attacks.

3) Heart disease is a major complication of diabetes, so a drug that could make the risk even worse is bad news indeed.

4) The jury is still out on Avandia. Meanwhile, patient advocates and some politicians and researchers are already denouncing it, and the Food and Drug Administration has issued a tepid "safety alert" telling patients to ask their doctors what to do while the agency "is carefully weighing several complex sources of data." Avandia's manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline, insists it is safe. Personal injury lawyers are advertising on the Internet for clients who think they were injured by the drug.

5) What happened here reflects a larger question—the tricky problem of how to judge whether a drug is safe and effective. Avandia was approved because it lowered blood sugar, and seemed safe in clinical trials.

6) But the real test of whether a drug is any good is how are the patients? Not their blood tests or X-rays or EKGs, but the people themselves, and not after just six months, but after years, especially if they have a chronic disease and will be talking medicine for the rest of their lives. Are those talking the drug more or less likely than people not talking it to have heart attacks, die or develop heart disease or other illnesses?

7) The problem is, it can take a long time and a lot of patients—and, therefore, a lot of money — to get a real picture of health and survival. That is especially true for something like heart disease, which develops slowly and is so common that it may be hard to detect a small increase in risk. Studies might have to go on for years instead of months, and include far more than the few thousand patients in whom drugs are typically tested before they get approved.

8) So instead of waiting to see if people die or have heart attacks, drug companies have looked for other traits that seem to correlate with health and survival and that could stand in as a yardstick—objective measures like blood pressure, cholesterol (胆固醇) levels, blood sugar or tests of heart function. Researchers call these measurements "surrogate endpoints," and the F. D．A．has encouraged companies to find surrogates that could reliably predict how patients would fare. These kinds of tests are seen as a way to streamline the drug approval process.

9) But reliable surrogates are hard to find. There are plenty of endpoints that in theory should do the job, but do not. Tumor size, for instance: there are drugs that Can shrink tumors without prolonging a patient's life. Bone density is another example. Fluoride can increase it in people whose skeletons have thinned from osteoporosis (骨质疏松症) , so fluoride should prevent fractures. But it doesn't, in fact, it makes fractures more likely, because it turns bones brittle.

10) Heart rhythm can also be deceptive. Certain medicines can stabilize dangerous, abnormal heartbeats in people who have had heart attacks—and yet have been found to increase their odds of dying. Cholesterol levels do not always tell the whole story, either. Hormone treatment in women after menopause (绝经期) can raise HDL (高密度脂蛋白) , the so-called good cholesterol, and so was expected to prevent heart disease— but does not. Similarly, researchers had high hopes for an experimental drug that raises HDL, but instead of preventing heart attacks the drug wound up increasing the risk.

11) Part of the problem is that surrogat

A．the whole society denounced it severely

B．personal injury lawyers advertised on the Internet offering services for patients who thought they were injured by it

C．F.D.A.responded quickly and banned the sale of the drug immediately

D．the manufacturer issued a "safety alert" telling patients to refer to their doctors

根据以下材料，回答题

Diabetes （糖尿病） and Eye Damage

Over 2 million Canadians have diabetes. It is the leading cause of blindness in North Americans under 65 years of age Diabetes is a condition where the body either cannot produce enough insulin （胰岛素） or cannot respond properly to insulin. Insulin is important because it moves glucose （葡萄糖）， a simple sugar， into the body"s cells from the blood. The food people eat provides the body with glucose， which is used by the cells as a source of energy~ If insulin isn"t available or doesn"t work correctly to move glucose from the blood into the cells， glucose will stay in the blood， leading to high blood sugar levels.

High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels， including the tiny blood vessels in the eye.

This leads to an eye disease known as diabetic retinopathy （糖尿病型视网膜病 ） . The retina （视网膜） is an area at the back of the eye that changes light into nerve signals. With diabetic retinopathy， some blood vessels in the retina are lost， and some of the other blood vessels begin to "leak" blood. This causes the retina to swell， and gradually cuts off its supply of oxygen and nutrients （滋养物） . Eventually， the retina starts to grow new blood vessels to replace the damaged ones. Unfortunately， these new vessels are not as strong as the old ones They are more likely to break， causing bleeding in the eye.

At f"trst， people with diabetic retinopathy will not notice any symptoms. As the disease gets worse， they may notice blurred （模糊的 ） vision， black spots or flashing lights. As time goes on， it can progress to blindness. Everyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic retinopathy， and the risk increases the longer you"ve had diabetes.

Fortunately， you can reduce your risk. If you do not have diabetes， but think you may be at risk for this condition， visit your doctor to be screened for diabetes. If you do have diabetes: have frequent eye check-ups.

Make sure that you monitor your blood sugar frequently and use your medications as recommended by your doctor. There is evidence to show that keeping your blood sugar under tight control can slow down eye damage. If you have high blood pressure， follow your recommended diet and medications to keep it under control. If you are not sure whether you have high blood pressure， or whether your blood pressure is under control， discuss this with your doctor.

Glucose cannot be turned into energy in the body __________. 查看材料

A.without diabetes

B.without sugar

C.without insulin

D.without food

Diabetes (糖尿病) and Eye Damage

Over 2 million Canadians have diabetes. It is the leading cause of blindness in North Americans under 65 years of age. Diabetes is a condition where the body either cannot produce enough insulin (胰岛素) or cannot respond properly to insulin. Insulin is important because it moves glucose (葡萄糖), a simple sugar, into the body's cells from the blood. The food people eat provides the body with glucose, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. If insulin isn't available or doesn't work correctly to move glucose from the blood into the cells, glucose will stay in the blood, leading to high blood sugar levels.

High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels, including the tiny blood vessels in the eye. This leads to an eye disease known as diabetic retinopathy (糖尿病型视网膜病). The retina (视网膜) is an area at the back of the eye that changes light into nerve signals. With diabetic retinopathy, some blood vessels in the retina are lost, and some of the other blood vessels begin to "leak" blood. This causes the retina to swell, and gradually cuts off its supply of oxygen and nutrients (滋养物). Eventually, the retina starts to grow new blood vessels to replace the damaged ones. Unfortunately, these new vessels are not as strong as the old ones. They are more likely to break, causing bleeding in the eye.

At first, people with diabetic retinopathy will not notice any symptoms. As the disease gets worse, they may notice blurred (模糊的) vision, black spots or flashing lights. As time goes on, it can progress to blindness. Everyone with diabetes is at risk for diabetic retinopathy, and the risk increases the longer you've had diabetes.

Fortunately, you can reduce your risk. If you do not have diabetes, but think you maybe at risk for this condition, visit your doctor to be screened for diabetes. If you do have diabetes:

● Have frequent eye check-ups.

● Make sure that you monitor your blood sugar frequently and you’re your medications as recommended by your doctor. There is evidence to show that keeping your blood sugar under tight control can slow down eye damage.

● If you have high blood pressure, follow your recommended diet and medications to keep it under control. If you are not sure whether you have high blood pressure, or whether your blood pressure is under control, discuss this with your doctor.

第 36 题 Glucose cannot be turned into energy in the body

A．without diabetes.

B．without sugar.

C．without insulin.

D．without food.