题目内容
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The author places the word "good" in quotation marks in order to______.
A．emphasize that the word is ambiguous when applied to public policies
B．stress that no two people will agree on what is "good" and what is not
C．minimize the need to describe public policies in value terms
D．point out that the word can be applied to individuals but not to groups
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第1题
e is whether or not it______.
A．applies to a large number of people.
B．satisfies the needs of the people to whom it applies
C．appeals to a sufficiently large number of people
D．can be revised periodically in response to changing conditions
第2题
hich reflect the aggregated attributes of our society. The Federal budget determines the proportion of Federal resources to be invested in social welfare programs and how these resources are distributed among competing programs. This budget is arrived at through a reiterative aggregative political process which mediates the claims of groups interested in health, education, welfare, and so on, thus socializing the continuing conflict generated by their separate aspirations, the test of whether it can marshal sufficient legitimacy and consent to provide a basis for cohesion and action. Technical criteria may play a role in the process, but the ultimate criteria are political and social.
Whether a policy, which is "good" in the aggregate sense, is also "good" for a particular person, however, is a different matter. If everyone had identical attributes, these criteria will always produce different outcomes. Any policy negotiated to attain an aggregate correctness will be wrong for every individual to whom the policy applies. The less a person conforms to the aggregate, the more wrong it will be.
When a policy is not working, we normally assume that the policy is right in form. but wrong in content. It has failed because insufficient intelligence has informed its construction or insufficient energy its implementation. We proceed to replace the old policy by a new one of: the same form. This buys time, since some time must elapse before the new policy can fully display the same set of symptoms of failure as the old. We thus continue to invest our time, energy, and other resources as if every new discovery of a nonworking policy is surprise, and a surprise that can be corrected with some reorganized model. But if policies based on complex, aggregated information are always wrong with respect to the preferences of every person to whom they apply, we should concentrate on limiting such policies to minima or "floors." Rather than trying for better policies, we should try for fewer policies or more limited aggregated ones. Such limitations could be designed to produce policies as spare and minimal as possible, for the resources not consumed in their operation would then be usable in a non-aggregative and person-specific ways--that is, in a disaggregated fashion. This will require more than just strengthened "local" capacity; it will require the development of new procedures, institutions, roles, and expectations.
Which of the following best states the central theme of the passage?
A．Policies designed to meet the needs of a large group of people are inherently imperfect and should be scaled down.
B．Policies created by the democratic process are less effective than policies designed by a single, concentrated body of authority.
C．The effectiveness of a social policy depends more upon the manner in which the policy is administered than upon its initial design.
D．Since policies created on the Federal level are inherently ineffective, all Federal social welfare programs should be discontinued.
第3题
outcome of the 1796 election would have been a______.
A．larger margin of victory for John Adams
B．victory for Thomas Jefferson
C．Federalist defeat in the Senate
D．victory for Thomas Pinckney
第4题
The passage implies that some electors voted for John Adams because they were______.
A．in favor of a monarchy
B．persuaded to do so by Hamilton
C．afraid South Carolina would not vote for Pinckney
D．anxious to have a President from their geographical region
第5题
on?
A．To prove to the reader that New England as a whole had more electoral votes than the state of south Carolina.
B．To persuade the reader that Thomas Pinckney's defeat could have been avoided.
C．To alert the reader that the procedure used in 1796 was unlike what is presently used.
D．To encourage the reader to study Constitutional history.
第6题
ted Thomas Pinckney, a leading South Carolinian, as running mate for the Newt Englander John Adams. But Pinckney's Southern friends chose to ignore their party's intentions and regarded Pinckney as Presidential candidate, creating a political situation that Alexander Hamilton was determined to exploit. Hamilton had long been wary of Adams's stubbornly independent brand of politics and preferred to see his running mate, over whom he could exert more control, in the president's chair.
The election was held under the system originally established by the Constitution. At that time there was but a single tally, with the candidate receiving the largest number of electoral votes declared President and candidate with the second largest number declared Vice- President. Hamilton anticipated that all the Federalists in the North would vote for Adams and Pinckney equally in an attempt to ensure that Jefferson would not be either first or second in the voting. Pinckney would be solidly supported in the South while Adams would not. Hamilton concluded if it were possible to divert a few electoral votes from Adams to Pinckney, Pinckney would receive more than Adams, yet both Federalists would outpoll Jefferson.
Various methods were used to persuade the electors to vote as Hamilton wished. In the press, anonymous articles were published attacking Adams for his monarchial tendencies and Jefferson for being overly democratic, while pushing Pinckney as the only suitable candidate. In private correspondence with state party leaders the Hamiltonians encouraged the idea that Adams' popularity was slipping, that he could not win the election, and that the Federalists could defeat Jefferson only by supporting Pinckney. Had sectional pride and loyalty not run as high in New England as in the deep South, Pinckney might well have become Washington's successor. New Englanders, however, realized that equal votes for Adams and Pinckney in their states would defeat Adams; therefore, eighteen electors scratched Pinckney's name from their ballots and deliberately threw away their second votes to men who were not even running. It was fortunate for Adams that they did, for the electors from South Carolina completely abandoned him, giving eight votes to Pinckney and eight to Jefferson.
In the end, Hamilton's interference in Pinckney's candidacy lost even the Vice-Presidency of South Carolina. Without New England's support, Pinckney received only 59 electoral votes, finishing third to Adams and Jefferson. He might have been President in 1797, or as Vice-President a serious contender for the Presidency in 1800; instead, stigmatized by a plot he had not devised, he served a brief term in the United States Senate and then dropped from sight as a national influence.
The passage supplies information that answers which of the following questions?
A．How many votes were cast for John Adams in the 1796 Presidential election?
B．Under the voting system originally set up by the Constitution, how many votes did each elector cast?
C．Who was Jefferson's running mate in the 1796 Presidential election?
D．What became of Alexander Hamilton after his plan to have Thomas Pinckney elected President failed?
第7题
____.
A．the difficulty one encounters in attempting to read his musical notation
B．the inability of modern musicians to play instruments of Renaissance
C．the difficulty of procuring unusual instruments needed to play the music
D．the lack of public interest in Renaissance music
第8题
The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A．Music is a more perfect art form. than painting or sculpture.
B．Music can be said to exist only when it is being performed.
C．Josquin was the greatest composer of the Middle Ages.
D．Renaissance music is superior to music produced in modern times.
第9题
CEPT______?
A．What are the titles of some of Josquin's secular compositions
B．What are the names of some Renaissance musical instruments
C．Who was the greatest composer before Josquin
D．What are the names of some of Josquin's most famous students
第10题
ent to worship. Like the intricately carved gargoyles perched atop medieval cathedrals beyond sight of any human, music was composed to please God before anybody else; its dominant theme was reverence. Emotion was there, but it was the grief of Mary standing at the foot of the Cross, the joy of the faithful hailing Christ's resurrection. Even the secular music of the Middle Ages was tied to predetermined patterns that sometimes seemed to stand in the way of individual expression.
While keeping one foot firmly planted in the divine world, Josquin stepped with the other into the human. He scored magnificent masses, but also newly expressive motets such as the lament of David over his son Absalom or the "Deploration d'Ockeghem," a dirge on the death of Ockeghem, the greatest master before Josquin, a motet written all in black notes, and one of the most profoundly moving scores of the Renaissance. Josquin was the first composer to set psalms to music. But alongside Benedicite omnia opera Domini Domino ("Bless the Lord, all ye works of the Lord") he put El Grillo ("The cricket is a good singer who manages long poems") and Allegez moy ("Solace me, sweet pleasant brunette"). Josquin was praised by Martin Luther, for his music blends respect for tradition with a rebel’s willingness to risk the horizon. What Galileo was to science, Josquin was to music. While preserving their allegiance to God, both asserted a new importance for man.
Why then should Josquin languish in relative obscurity? The answer has to do with the separation of concept from performance in music. In fine art, concept and performance are one both the art lover and the art historian have thousands of years of paintings, drawings and sculptures to study and enjoy. Similarly with literature: Poetry, fiction, drama, and criticism survive on the printed page or in manuscript. for judgment and admiration by succeeding generations. But musical notation on a page is not art, no matter how lofty or excellent the composer% conception it is, crudely put, a set of directions for producing art. Being highly symbolic, musical notation requires training before it can even be read, let alone performed. Moreover, because the musical conventions of other days are not ours, translation of a Renaissance score into modem notation brings difficulties of its own. For example, the Renaissance notation of Josquin's day did not designate the tempo at which the music should be played or sung. It did not indicate all flats or sharps; these were sounded ill accordance with musicianly rules, which were capable of transforming major to minor, minor to major, diatonic to chromatic sound, and thus affect melody, harmony, and musical expression, a Renaissance composition might include several parts--but it did not indicate which were to be sung, which to be played, nor even whether instruments were to be used at all.
Thus, Renaissance notation permits of several interpretations and an imaginative musician may give an interpretation that is a revelation. But no matter how imaginative, few modern musicians can offer any interpretation of Renaissance music. The public for it is small, limiting the number of musicians who can afford to learn, rehearse, and perform. it. Most of those who attempt it at all are students organized in colegia musica whose memberships have a distressing habit of changing every semester, thus preventing directors from maintaining the year-in, year-out continuity required to achieve excellence of performance. Finally, the instruments used in Renaissance times--drummhorns, recorders, rauschpfeifen, shawms, sackbuts, organetto-must be specially procured.
The primary purpose of the passage is to______.
A．introduce the reader to Josquin and account for his relative obscurity
B．describe the main features of medieval music and show how Josquin changed them
C．place Josquin's music in a historical context and show its influence on later composers
D．enumerate the features of Josquin’s music and supply critical commentary
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