Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his

followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung.

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud's theory is that human behavior. is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud's theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior. structural, dynamic, and 'developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one's instinctual needs and drives. Freud posed that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.

The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be Satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical(伦理的) or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "con science" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.

Freud's dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior. as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud's "instinct" differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one's emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform. their work and is derived from primitive biological urges--for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud's developmental concepts included identification,' displacement, defense mechanisms, and psycho sexual stages. Identification labels the behavior. of an individual who imitates another person or group (movie star, gangster, etc. ). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior. reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence: oral (breast-sucking babyhood), anal (toilet-training period), phallic (36 years development of sexual feelings) , latancy (intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期) ,and genital(formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉).

Freud's two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud's theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for hu man behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.

Freud's concepts included a ______.

A．denial of instinctive behavior. in animals and humans

B．belief that religion properly modled the conscience so that the id could be controlled

C．belief that human behavior. can be explained primarily by the unconscious motives of individuals

D．belief that human behavior. is completely controlled by the "conscience" part