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[主观题]

The book is dead. Technology has killed it. The libraries of the world are dooming to bec

ome museums. Americans, however,【M1】______ attend to bring an either-or mentality to most things. The invention【M2】______ of television led to predictions about the demise of radio. The making of movies was to be the funeral bell of alive theater;【M3】______ recorded music, the end of concerts. All these forms still exist—sometimes overshadowed by their siblings, but not smothered by them. And with the direst predictions, reading【M4】______ continues to be part of the life of the mind. Theres no question that reading off-paper, as I think of it, will increase in years to come. A library that got 10 as gifts【M5】______ reported that within a half hour they had all checked out. And【M6】______ theres no question that once again we will be treated to lamentations suggesting that true literacy has become the lost art. The difference this time is that we will confront with elitism from【M7】______ both sides. Not only have literary purists now complain of the【M8】______ evanescent nature of letters onscreen, the tech fanatics have become equally disdainful of the old form. Perhaps we should look past both sides to concern ourselves with function instead of form. I am cheered by the Gallup poll in【M9】______ which asks a simple question: do you happen to be reading any books or novels at present? In 1952 a merely 18 percent of【M10】______ respondents said yes. The last time the survey was done, in 2005, that number was 47 percent. So much for the good old days.

【M1】

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更多“The book is dead. Technology h…”相关的问题

第1题

Schools throughout the world are experiencing a period of rapid change and, in many cases

, are finding that extremely【M1】______ difficult to achieve a balance among a number of critical concerns. Some of the issues that educators and schools are facing include certainty about what academic and cultural knowledge and skills【M2】______ will be needed by students in the future, wholesale revisions of curricula, experimentation in teaching strategies, the need for teachers and students to become aware and competent in using【M3】______ new technologies, dramatic changes in bureaucratic and legislating【M4】______ policies and regulations, and increased demands on teachers. With the exception of the education system in the United States, perhaps no education system has been studied more【M5】______ intensively than of Japan. In 2001, in a well-balanced presentation【M6】______ of the Japanese model of schooling, including its similarities to and fro differences with that in the United States, Tsuneyoshi【M7】______ characterized the American approach to education as one that places an emphasis on competitiveness, individual attention from teachers along with individual accomplishment on the part of students, development of cognitive abilities, and separation of teachers in terms of their disciplines. In contrary, the Japanese【M8】______ approach(particularly at the elementary school level)focuses on the "whole child"; close interactions between teachers and pupils for long periods of time in cooperative settings with attention to collected goals, tasks, and rewards; and efforts to provide the same【M9】______ or very similar treatment for all students. One advantage of the American approach that is seriously missed in the Japanese【M10】______ approach is the formers attention to diversity and a sensitivity and concern for minority rights.

【M1】

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第2题

In an effort to explain how most of language, which is not so directly relatable to mean

ing, derived from an onomatopoeic beginning, the discipline of etymology began. Through studying the derivational history of words(etymology)the naturalists tended to【M1】______ demonstrate that the origin of all of language was ultimately relatable to words which directly reflected the meanings of their referents. The first philosophical forum on language eventually was【M2】______ developed into a discussion on the regularity of language patterns. Two basic theoretical positions merged as explanatory frameworks【M3】______ for language, that which opted for irregularity and that which insisted that language was essentially regular. From the pre-eminence of latter position it became popular to explain the【M4】______ irregularities of language on the basis language somehow became【M5】______ corrupted with proper usage through time; this theoretical position【M6】______ regarded the older forms of language to be the pure forms.【M7】______ By the Nineteenth Century there was a severe reaction to the highly speculative nature of the philosophizing about the original language of man which had characterized much of the study of language up until then. The interest was still historical, and the【M8】______ goal was not so idealistic. It was a romantic era of a rediscovery of the national past; the mother tongues of nations and families of nations rather than the mother tongue of the whole human race became the focus of attention. The romantic nationalism was a definite influence, but perhaps a more basic cause of the more real【M9】______ goal was the reaction to previously unscientific speculations.【M10】______

【M1】

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第3题

It is convenient to distinguish between nonverbal and verbal communication, just as is to

distinguish between decoding and【M1】______ encoding processes, but such distinctions can be misled.【M2】______ COMMUNICATION is a system, simultaneously engaging in【M3】______ encoding and decoding processes. In social settings, we only occasionally speak, but we cannot "not behave." To understand nonverbal communication it is necessary to appreciate the interdependence of the verbal and nonverbal components of simultaneous encoding and decoding processes. An example of this interdependence may have seen in the cognitive processes【M4】______ directing verbal and nonverbal behavior. Both encoding and decoding can vary from being automatic to reflective and【M5】______ deliberate, but verbal communication is typically more deliberately【M6】______ and cognitively demanding than nonverbal communication. Furthermore, if we assume that there are limited cognitive resources available for encoding and decoding verbal and nonverbal components, then altering the cognitive demands on any【M7】______ one process can affect other processes and the course of communication. In general, to the extent that nonverbal processes require less【M8】______ cognitive resources than verbal processes do, nonverbal communication is more resilient than verbal communication. Moreover, specific interpersonal goals can make the encoding of【M9】______ nonverbal behavior(e.g., a difficult impression management task) and the decoding of nonverbal behavior(e.g., looking for evidence of deception)less automatic and more cognitively demanding. Understand the dynamic relationships between encoding and【M10】______ decoding aspects of verbal and nonverbal behavior. is a critical step in understanding the broader communicative process.

【M1】

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第4题

As we have seen, there is nothing about language as such that makes linguistic identity

coextensive with national identity. "If he speaks French, he is by any means necessarily French." French is【M1】______ not the private property of Frenchmen, as English of English【M2】______ people. This should be obvious when one reflects that English is the mother-tongue in Canada, the United States, UK, Australia, New Zealand, and many other areas of the world. Yet many of us still half-consciously feel that when anyone no other than an【M3】______ Englishman uses English, we have a special right to criticise his usage because he has privileged to handle something that is in the【M4】______ Englishmans gift. We feel that he must necessarily look us for a【M5】______ "standard", because it is "our" language. It is reasonable to regard【M6】______ any language as the property of a particular nation,and with no language is it more irrational than with English. This is not to say that English is used by a great number of speakers than any other【M7】______ language: it is easily outnumbered in this respect with Chinese. Whereas it is the most international of languages.【M8】______ To people in Africa or Pakistan or Chile, English is the obvious foreign language to master, not merely because it is the native language in Great Britain and the United States, but because it provides a readiest access to the cream of world scholarship and to【M9】______ the bulk of world trade. It is understanding more widely than any【M10】______ other language.

【M1】

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第5题

Whom can you trust these days? It is a question posed by David Halpern of Cambridge Univ

ersity, and the researchers at the Downing Street Strategy Unit who take an interest in "social capital". In intervals they go around asking people in assorted【M1】______ nations the question: "Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted?" The results are fascinated. The conclusion that leaps from the【M2】______ figures and into sensational headlines are that social dislocation,【M3】______ religious decline, public scandals, family fragmentation and the fear of crime have made us more trusting. Comparative surveys【M4】______ over 40 years suggest that British trustfulness had halved: in the【M5】______ 1950s 60 per cent of us answered "yes, most people can be trusted", in the 1980s 44 per cent, today only 29 per cent. Trust levels also continue to fall in Ireland and the US—meanwhile, the Norwegians, Swedes, Danes and Dutch express tremendous confidence in one and anothers honesty: levels are actually rising.【M6】______ In Mexico and Japan the level of trust is also increasing, that is【M7】______ interesting if mild bewildering. And the Palme dOr(金棕榈奖)【M8】______ for mutual suspect goes to the Brazilians—with less than 3【M9】______ per cent replying "yes"—and the Turks with 6.5 per cent The French, apparently, never trusted each other and still dont. Nevertheless we【M10】______ become less Scandinavian and more French(or Turkish)every year.

【M1】

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第6题

Poetry doesnt matter to most people. One has to wonder if poetry has any place in the 21

st century, when music videos and satellite television offer daunting competition for poems, which demand a good deal of attention and considerate analytic skills, as【M1】______ well as some knowledge of the traditions of poetry. In the 19th century, poets like Scott, Byron, and Longfellow had huge audiences around the world. Their works were best sellers, yet they were cultural heroes as well. But readers had few【M2】______ choices in those days. One imagines, perhaps false, that people【M3】______ actually liked poetry. It provided them with narratives that entertained and inspired. They gave them words to attach to their【M4】______ feelings. They enjoyed folk ballads, too. In the sense, music and【M5】______ poetry joined hands. In the 20th century, something went to amiss. Poetry became【M6】______ "difficult". That is, poets began to reflect the complex of modern【M7】______ culture, its fierce disjunctions. The poems of Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle and T.S. Eliot asked a lot of the reader, including a range of cultural references to topics when even in the early 1900s had【M8】______ become little known. To read Pound and Eliot with easy, for【M9】______ instance, one needed some knowledge of Greek and Latin poetry. That kind of learning had been fairly common among educated readers in the past. The same could be said for most readers in the【M10】______ 20th century—or today, when education has become more democratized and the study of the classics has been relegated to a small number of enthusiasts.

【M1】

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第7题

Language is fantastically complex. Its built-in means of combining and recombining(nestin

g)of its various levels have【M1】______ suggested to many leading linguists that language is theoretically infinite though not practical so in everyday usage.【M2】______ It almost sounds too complex to be able to detect any significant leveling out of language any more than one could detect by observation that the sun is burning itself out. As far as I am conscious no linguist seriously purports that【M3】______ the restructuring process of language overrides the streamlining process resulted in a qualitative positive development of【M4】______ language. If we decide that language did originally develop, possibly evolving animal communication, we can only do【M5】______ so by assuming evolution to be a universally valid principle This type【M6】______ of a priori reasoning was the basic fallacy of pre-Nineteenth Century "speculative grammar" which was pre-scientific in modern【M7】______ sense of the word. However, the observable data neither indicate that such a【M8】______ period of pre-historic development even existed, nor they【M9】______ suggest a cause of the subsequent state of equilibrium or process of simplification that would have to have come into operation at some time after such a pre-historic development. Noam Chomsky, one of the most prominent linguists of the twentieth century, has indicated that human language and animal communication are not even comparative entities, they are so【M10】______ different.

【M1】

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第8题

Changes in the technology of communication are occurring so rapidly that we human beings

now move through a cloud of messages as densely as a locust-storm. Every new device increases【M1】______ the speed and the outreach of the last, and young people are now governed by the gadgets in their hands, which dont merely contain their lives and also to a great extent dictate them.【M2】______ Of course, the print media still exist. There are old-fashioned people like myself who make a living by writing things, and old-fashioned people like you, who support us by reading, or at any rate buy, what we write. But maybe its only people like us【M3】______ who are able really to regret for the changes that are sweeping【M4】______ away so much that we depended upon. The rest of the world is caught up in the torrent of gadgets, each new model is designed to【M5】______ relieve its owner of one more source of spiritual exercise or one【M6】______ more obstacle to fun. Memory now exists behind a screen. Very few is stored in our heads, and our recollections drift in cyberspace【M7】______ like asteroids, unconnected to the orbit in which we move. Written letters are a thing of past, and essays are downloaded【M8】______ from the sites devoted to them. Research means surfing the web, and as for social life—this is a matter of tweeting and twittering as one drifts through cyberspace. Facebook friendships bubble up in a moment, and consist of a mutual agreement between strangers to【M9】______ put themselves on display. More and more does it seem that putting yourself on display is what it is all about, which there is【M10】______ nothing more to love and friendship than being mutually visible.

【M1】

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第9题

Today women earn almost 60 percent of all bachelors degrees and more than half of master

s and Ph.D.s. Many people believe that, as this may be good for women as income earners, it【M1】______ foreshadows ill for their marital prospects. As Kate Bolick wrote in a much-discussed article in The Atlantic last fall, American women face "a radical shrinking pool【M2】______ of what are traditionally considered to be marriageable men— those who are better educated and earn more than they do." Educated women worry that they are scaring potential partners,【M3】______ and experts claim that those who do marry will end up with satisfactory matches. They point to outdated studies suggesting【M4】______ that women with high earnings than their husbands do more【M5】______ housework to compensate for the threat to their mates egos. Is this really the fate facing with educated women: either no【M6】______ marriage at all or the marriage with more housework? Nonsense.【M7】______ That may have been the case in the past, but no longer. By 1996, intelligence and education moved up to No. 5 on mens ranking of【M8】______ desirable qualities in a mate. The desire for a good cook and housekeeper had dropped to 14th place, near the bottom of the 18-point scale. The sociologist Christine B. Whelan reports that by 2008, mens interest in a womans education had arisen to No. 4,【M9】______ just after mutual attraction, dependent character and emotional【M10】______ stability.

【M1】

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第10题

People learn languages all the time, and for all kinds of reasons. For example, you proba

bly have various reasons to study【M1】______ English than your classmates. But have you ever thought about creating entirely new language from scratch? Theres been a boom【M2】______ in made-up languages recently, driving by the epic "Lord of the【M3】______ Rings" and other fantasy movies and books. The trend has also fueled as more and more people venture online. There are【M4】______ websites, discussion boards, and chat rooms that teach how to build a language, others that share new languages, and some that seek collaborators. Made-up languages arent restricted on Star【M5】______ Trek fans and Esperanto speakers. It spends time and determination to create a new language. A【M6】______ creator needs to do more than substitute existing words with invented ones. Theres rhythm and intonation to consider—how does the language sound when spoken? If its invented for humans【M7】______ in a movie or book, how does biology change the sound? How does it represent the culture of the people who speak it? Then there are grammar rules, such as masculine and feminine nouns or verbs, word order, or the use of irregular verbs. Even if a simple language【M8】______ can take years to develop. Yet the new languages dont have the same sticking power as real languages like English. As for the made-up languages of today, there are an infinite number of reason behind their creation.【M9】______ Some people do it as a hobby, another as a way to relax. Some just【M10】______ like the challenge.

【M1】

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