A person’s belief ()and colors his experience.

A.effects on a person's openness to new experience;

B.effects on a person's independence from traditional authority;

C.effects on a person's belief in science and medicine;

D.effects on a person's educational and occupational ambition;

The story of John Stubbs is told to convey the idea that ______.

A．loyalty is the best honor

B．it is the greatest honor to die for one's belief

C．our recent history lack such models

D．even blood-shedding brings a person honor

What was Henry Dunant's belief when he founded the Red Cross？

A．All men are created equal.

B．The wounded and dying should be treated for free.

C．A wounded soldier should surrender before he receives any medical treatment.

D．A suffering person is entitled to help regardless of race, religion or political beliefs.

Urging bored friends to keep playing with you is not limited to humans. A gorilla (大猩猩) that wants to continue a game will also try to do this, and will even deliberately lose if necessary. This hints that gorillas may have "theory of mind"--the capacity to attribute mental states to others.

Richard Byrne and Joanne Tanner of St. Andrews University in the UK videoed gorillas at San Francisco Zoo. As well as engaging with a toy and another gorilla, the animals seemed aware of how their playmate was interacting with the toy. "The gorillas could encourage their playmates when they were losing interest by losing the game, if necessarily," says Byrne.

This is the first time animals have been observed following a playmate's interaction with a third object a skill picked up by humans at 9 months old. If you thought your pet dog does this, you're wrong. With dogs, cats, lions and bears the animal wants to win the game, rather than keep it going. Byrne says," This is different to throwing a stick for your pet dog."

Because the gorillas seem to be taking account of the thoughts of others. They are showing some theory of mind competence, says Byrne, although they do not pass a theory-of-mind test called the false belief test, which looks at the ability to infer another's perspective.

In the false belief test, two individuals are shown playing with a toy, before placing it in a box. After one of them leaves the room, the other person moves the toy and places it in a bag. When the first person re-turns to the room, where will they look for the toy？ Those with theory of mind--the ability to infer another's perspective will know that the first person will look in the box. Children younger than 4 or 5 have yet to develop theory of mind and think the person will look in the bag in the false belief test. Similar false belief tests that don't require language can be set up for animals.

Felix Warneken at Harvard University agrees the study provides "promising evidence" for collaborative behaviour in gorillas. However, Josep Call, at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, says he has seen this behaviour in chimpanzees before.

Iona Stewart at ZSL London Zoo, who has been looking after captive gorillas for 13 years, says there is "no question" that gorillas have theory of mind. "Anyone who spends time with gorillas will have known this for years," she says. "Not a day goes by when you don't see some examples of this sort of behaviour." The typical gorilla's sense of humour, Stewart says, is schadenfreud. One gorilla she knew would poke a stick at strangers then look the other way and laugh. "If they could whistle, they'd be whistling, but they're not quite clever enough to get away with it."

A gorilla will lose games deliberately to ______.

A．persuade his friends to keep playing with him

B．prove his "theory of mind"

C．attribute mental states to others

D．continue the game with his partners

have the idea that he is not capable of it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to make the most of his mental faculties, or he may accept another person's mistaken estimate of his ability. Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that they are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.

A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won't go at a job with the confidence necessary for success. He is therefore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.

Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had an experience which illustrates this. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic, and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea "Isn't it too bad that Alfred can't do arithmetic？" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.

One day Adler succeeded in solving a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn't do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His newly-found confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit.

He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic.

This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have, and that lack of success is as often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one's ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as it is the result of lack of ability.

According to the passage, which statement is NOT true？

A．A child may accept another person's underestimate of his ability.

B．A child may think that he is too stupid to make the most of his mental faculties.

C．A person may have the idea that he is incapable of doing good work.

D．Some old people believe that they are capable of learning anything new.

have the idea that he is not capable of it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to make the most of his mental faculties, or he may accept another person's mistaken estimate of his ability. Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that they are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.

A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won't go at a job with the confidence necessary for success. He is therefore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.

Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had and experience which illustrates this. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, "Isn't it too bad that Alfred can't do arithmetic？" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.

One day Adler succeeded in solving a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn't do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His new found confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic.

This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have, and that lack of success is often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one's ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as it the result of lack ability.

According to the passage, which statement is NOT true？

A．A child may accept another person's underestimate of his ability.

B．He may think that he is too young to make the most of his mental faculties.

C．A person may have the idea that he is incapable of doing good work.

D．Some old people don't believe that they are capable of learning anything new.

have the idea that he is not capable of it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to make the most of his mental faculties, or he may accept another person's mistaken estimate of his ability. Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that they are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.

A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won't go at a job with the confidence necessary for success. He is therefore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.

Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had and experience which illustrates this. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, "Isn't it too bad that Alfred can't do arithmetic？" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.

One day Adler succeeded in solving a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn't do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His new found confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic.

This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have, and that lack of success is often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one's ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as it the result of lack ability.

According to the passage, which statement is NOT true？

A．A child may accept another person's underestimate of his ability.

B．He may think that he is too young to make the most of his mental faculties.

C．A person may have the idea that he is incapable of doing good work.

D．Some old people don't believe that they are capable of learning anything new.

A pacifist is a person (with) a deeply (hold) belief (in solving) disputes only (via) peaceful means.

A．with

B．hold

C．in solving

D．via

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文： A person may have an idea about himself that will prevent him from doing good work. He may have the idea that he is not capable of it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to make the most of his mental faculties, or he may accept another person's mistaken estimate of his ability. Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that they are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.

A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won't go at a job with the confidence necessary for success. He is there- fore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.

Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had an experience, which illustrates this. When he was a small boy, he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic, and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, "Isn't it too bad that Alfred can't do arithmetic？" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.

One day Adler succeeded in solving a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn't do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His new-found confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination, and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic.

This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have.

(27)

A．A child may accept another person's underestimate of his ability.

B．He may think that he is too young to make the most of his mental faculties.

C．A person may have the idea that he is incapable of doing good work.

D．Some old people don't believe that they are capable of learning anything new.

Part A

Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

A person may have an idea about himself that will prevent him from doing good work. He may have the idea that he is not capable of it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to make the most of his mental faculties or he may accept another person's mistaken estimate of his ability. Older people may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that they are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.

A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be useless. He won't go at a job without the confidence necessary for success. He is therefore likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.

Alfred Adler, a famous doctor, had an experience which illustrates this. When he was a small boy, he got off to a poor start in arithmetic. His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic, and told his parents what she thought in order that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they too developed the idea, "Isn't it too bad that Alfred can't do arithmetic？" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and was very poor at arithmetic, just as they expected.

One day, Adler succeeded in solving a problem which none of the other students had been able to solve. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn't do arithmetic and was determined to show them that he could. His newly found confidence stimulated him to go at arithmetic problems with a new spirit. He now worked with interest, determination and purpose, and he soon became extraordinarily good at arithmetic.

This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have, and that lack of success is as often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one's ability, lack of confidence and lack of determination as it is the result of lack of ability.

According to the passage, which statement is NOT true？

A．A child may accept another person's underestimate of his ability.

B．He may think that he is too young to make the most of his mental faculties.

C．A person may have the idea that he is incapable of doing good work.

D．Some old people don't believe that they are capable of learning anything new.