Recently models have been created which give ______

_____

Rising Tuition In the US

Every Spring, US university administrators gather to discuss the next academic year&39;s budget. They consider faculty salaries, utility costs for dormitories, new building needs and repairs to old ones. They run the numbers and conclude — it seems, inevitably that, yet again, the cost of tuition must go up.

According to the US&39;s College Board, the price of attending a four-year private university in the US rose 81 percent between 1993 and 2004. (46)______ In 2005 and 2006, the numbers Continued to rise.

According to university officials, college cost increases are simply the result of balancing university checkbooks. "Tuition increases at Cedarville University are determined by our revenue needs for each year," said the university&39;s president, Dr Bill Brown. "Student tuition pays for 78 percent of the university&39;s operating costs." Brown&39;s school is a private&39; university that enrolls about 3,100 undergrads and is consistently recognized by annual college ranking guides like US News and World Report&39;s and The Princeton Review&39;s. (47)______ .

Tuition at private universities is set by administration officials and then sent for approval to the school&39;s board of trustees (董事). (48)______ This board oversees (监管) all of a state&39;s public institutions.

John Durham, assistant secretary to the board of trustees at East Carolina University (ECU), explains that state law says that public institutions must make their services available whenever possible to the people of the state for free. Durham said that North Carolina residents only pay 22 percent of the cost of their education. (49)______ State residents attending ECU pay about US $10,000 for tuition, room and board before financial aid.

Amid the news about continued increases in college costs, however, there is some good news. Tuition increases have been accompanied by roughly equal increases in financial aid at almost every university. To receive financial aid. US students complete a formal application with the federal government. The federal government then decides whether an applicant is eligible (有资格的) for grants or loans. (50)______ .

(46)

A. The application is then sent to the student&39;s university, where the school itself will decide whether free money will be given to the student and how much.

B. At public universities, however, tuition increases must also be approved by a state education committee, sometimes called the board of governors.

C. The school currently charges US $2.3.410 a year for tuition.

D. Many American people are simply unable to pay the growing cost-of food.

E. That&39;s more than double the rate of inflation.

F. The state government covers the rest.

(47)

A. The application is then sent to the student&39;s university, where the school itself will decide whether free money will be given to the student and how much.B. At public universities, however, tuition increases must also be approved by a state education committee, sometimes called the board of governors.C. The school currently charges US $2.3.410 a year for tuition.D. Many American people are simply unable to pay the growing cost-of food.E. That&39;s more than double the rate of inflation.F. The state government covers the rest.

(48)

A. The application is then sent to the student&39;s university, where the school itself will decide whether free money will be given to the student and how much.B. At public universities, however, tuition increases must also be approved by a state education committee, sometimes called the board of governors.C. The school currently charges US $2.3.410 a year for tuition.D. Many American people are simply unable to pay the growing cost-of food.E. That&39;s more than double the rate of inflation.F. The state government covers the rest.

(49)

A. The application is then sent to the student&39;s university, where the school itself will decide whether free money will be given to the student and how much.B. At public universities, however, tuition increases must also be approved by a state education committee, sometimes called the board of governors.C. The school currently charges US $2.3.410 a year for tuition.D. Many American people are simply unable to pay the growing cost-of food.E. That&39;s more than double the rate of inflation.F. The state government covers the rest.

(50)

A. The application is then sent to the student&39;s university, where the school itself will decide whether free money will be given to the student and how much.B. At public universities, however, tuition increases must also be approved by a state education committee, sometimes called the board of governors.C. The school currently charges US $2.3.410 a year for tuition.D. Many American people are simply unable to pay the growing cost-of food.E. That&39;s more than double the rate of inflation.F. The state government covers the rest.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！

The Price of Idleness

1．Electrical devices such as CD players, vidoes and burglar alarms are consuming more energy in standby mode than when they are actually being used.

2．Maria Sanchez and her colleagues from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, tested more than 50 small electrical applicances, from computers to doorbells, electric mowers, VCRs, and pool pumps. In the current issue of Energy Policy, they report that about half of all consumer electronics energy is used in standby mode. This costs American consumers ＄1 billion a year in wasted energy.

3．The researchers say that while electronic devices are lying dormant(休眠状态),running their clocks, maintaining internal memories or displaying their settings, they consume aroud 40 terawatt hours of electricity in the U.S. every year--enough to power a city such as Chicago or London. Many machines use almost as much power on standby as when working. For example, it takes 15 watts to play a typical CD, but an average of 11 watts to keep it on standby. Satellite TV systems use 14 watts when active and 14 watts on standby. Given the long hours these systems spend idling, each uses far more power in standby mode than when actually working.

4．"Bad design is largely to blame," says Sanchez. In a separate survey of CD players last year, her colleague Wolfgang Huber found that two machines with similar features used 28 watts and 2 watts respectively on standby. "For most products, we believe that standby power can be reduced to one watt or less," says Sanchez.

5．She backs proposals to set up a national labeling system to promote machines that meet this standard. Such a system could reduce standby power consumption in the U.S. by 50 per cent, says coauthor Alan Meier--more than 20 terawatt hours per year. Last month, electronics company Philips announced the launch of a device that can dramatically reduce the power used in standby mode.

A Factors Leading to Energy Waste

B Home Appliances

C Propsals to Cut Energy Consumption

D Energy Consumption Test

E Terawatt Hours

F Nonessential Electricity Use

Paragraph 2 ______

Alaska

In 1858 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state, symbolizing a change of attitude from that held in 1867, when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then, most Americans had little interest in 1,500,000 square kilometers "of icebergs and polar bears" — beyond Canada's western borders, far from the settled areas of the United States.

In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lie buried in the earth, which is permanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters region. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun can not melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down.

Alaska is America's largest state, but only about 325,000 people live there according to estimates, 800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640,000 hectares being cultivated.

Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia, probably crossing Bering Strait, named for Vitus Bering, the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741.The Eskimos are the state's earliest known inhabitants Russian fur traders established settlements but, by the time Alaska was sold to the United States, most of the traders had departed.

In 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousands of Americans rushed to the region on their way to .Klondike; some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the US mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant villages.

The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of'American literature, the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaskan waters. The fish from Alaskan waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $ 80 million to $ 90 million. Fur-beating animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After

fishing, the state's chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years, Alaska's single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals.

A. Rich resources of the state

B. Connection with the outside world

C. Transportation with the outside world

D. The natives of the land

E. Cold climate

F. Land and population

paragraph 3 ______.

er and colder ______．

A at constant rate

B in a few years

C an the weight of the atmosphere

D within the troposphere

E oxygen and nitrogen

F it consists of electrically charged particles called irons which from sun

The major parts of permanent gases are ______．

Chinese Dialects (方言)

The enormous differences in Chinese dialects have been a continuing problem ever since China became an empire in 221 B. C. , and it is one big reason why the country has remained impoverished (贫穷). Of the 600 million people who call themselves Chinese, all but a very small number speak Chinese. But the dialects vary so widely that the speech of Peking, for example, is as different from the speech of Canton as English is from German.

There is to be sure, only one written language for all China, but it bears no phonetic(语音的)relationship to any of the spoken dialects. Moreover, it has so many symbols that only a tiny portion of the population has ever mastered it.

As a result, most Chinese have been isolated for centuries from a free flow of ideas and from the economic progress that such a flow produces. Many dynasties tried with little success to break down the wall. After recognizing the importance of having a literate people for working in a technological world and for developing an effective propaganda(宣传) machine, the present government is putting everything into tackling the language problem. But the obstacles are so formidable(难以应付的) that the results cannot yet be predicted.

At the heart the problem is the dialects. The dialects' prevented the evolution of a single written language based on phonetics. Instead, the Chinese were forced to develop a system that has no relation to sound, and they have clung to it for more than 3, 000 years. When this system is applied to a whole language, it results in an overwhelming number of symbols.

There are about 50, 000 entries in a Chinese dictionary not counting the compounds(复合词). In order to be literate, a Chinese must learn 6, 000; to be moderately educated, 12, 000. An English-speaking child, having to conquer only a twenty-six-letter alphabet, has usually learned to read by the time he begins the third grade. A Chinese child needs at least five more years of elementary learning; in the seventh grade, he can barely read a Chinese newspaper.

A. Dealing with the Problem of Various Dialects

B. Difficulties in Learning Chinese

C. Features of Chinese Dialects

D. Differences in Chinese Dialects

E. Dialects as Heart of the Problem

F. Ways of the Government to Tackle the Problem

Paragraph 1______