试述蔡元培的高等教育思想及其现实意义。

假定外汇市场美元兑换马克的即期汇率是1美元换1.8马克，美元的利率是8%，马克利率是4%。

(1)简述无套利定价原则；

(2)试问一年后远期无套利的均衡汇率是多少?

n almost every respect but one : the dislodging of a big chunk of foam, like the one that doomed the Columbia. This flight was supposed to vault the shuttle fleet back into space after a prolonged grounding for repairs. But given the repeat of the very problem that two years of retooling was supposed to resolve, the verdict is necessarily mixed. (46) Once again, the space agency has been forced to put off the flight until it can find a solution to the problem, and no one seems willing to guess how long that may take.

The Discovery astronauts performed superbly during their two-week mission, and the shuttle looked better than ever in some respects. (47) Space officials were justifiably happy that so much had gone well, despite daily worries over possible risks. The flight clearly achieved its prime objectives.

The astronauts transferred tons of cargo to the international space station, which has been limping along overhead with a reduced crew and limited supplies carried up on smaller Russian spacecraft. (48) They replaced a broken device, repaired another and carted away a load of rubbish that had been left on the station, showing the shuttle can bring full loads back down from space.

This was the most scrutinized shuttle flight ever, with the vehicle undergoing close inspection while still in orbit. (49) New sensing and photographic equipment to look for potentially dangerous damage to the sensitive external skin proved valuable. A new back flip maneuver allowed station astronauts to photograph the shuttle's underbelly, and an extra-long robotic arm enabled astronauts to see parts of the shuttle that were previously out of sight.

(50) The flood of image and the openness in discussing its uncertainties about potential hazards sometimes made it appear that the shuttle was about to fall apart. In the end the damage was clearly tolerable. A much-touted spacewalk to repair the shuttle's skin--the first of its kind-moved an astronaut close enough to pluck out some protruding material with his hand. Preliminary evidence indicates that Discovery has far fewer nicks and gouges than shuttles on previous flights, perhaps showing that improvements to reduce the shedding of debris from the external fuel tank have had some success.

(46)