What kinds of trade shows are there in the real world？ There are ______ and Trade Only.

However, it is very rare that an exporter can sell his products directly to his remote overseas customers. It is impossible for the exporter to go to every country to find out whether his products can sell in a particular market. Therefore, market research is useful both for the newly established trading companies to open business relations with overseas customers, and for the established exporters who have regular customers to expand their business.

First of all, the exporter should use trade statistics published by most countries to narrow down the scope of his research. Important information sources include: the national trade statistics which indicate the number of wholesalers, retailers and other kinds of marketing intermediaries(classified information according to the type of products) , trade journals and directories and international organizations such as International Chamber of Commerce, and China Council for the Promotion of International Trade.

After carefully considering the above information sources, the exporter will find out what countries are now importing his type of products and from what sources. He can judge the amount of business and the rate of growth or decline. Then he may choose a number of target markets.

Secondly, the exporter must bear in mind the cultural and social backgrounds of his target market, such as language, religion and local people's aesthetical viewpoints, etc. Since all these elements influence people's consumption pattems, a deep understanding of them will help the exporter to predict the changes and follow the new market trend.

Thirdly, the exporter must know the relevant government policies: What kinds of products are limited or restricted in import activities？ Are they restricted because of shortage of foreign currency, tendency to protect national industries or sanitation demand？ What kind of goods does the government levy high tax against？

Fourthly, geography may influence profoundly on the distribution of goods and the development of sales channel in a country. Temperature, altitude and humidity extremes may affect the proper functioning of some equipments. Products which function well in temperate zones do not always perform well in tropical areas. With regard to products like timber, food and paper, the amount of water absorption in transit can be very influential.

Finally, the exporter must take into account the political risk-whether there are military clashed, distribution systems-whether seaports, railroads and roads are available. Moreover, the exporter must know the local legal system since no single, uniform international commercial law governing exporting transactions exists.

Questions for reading :

The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced most articles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partly that of shoes was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, women were found in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers, silversmiths and gunsmiths. They ran mills, plantations, shipyards, and every kind of shop. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, journalists, printers, nurses, and teachers.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．Colonial marriages

B．The Puritan religion

C．Colonial women's employment

D．Education in the colonies

A.E, F, A and D

B.E, G, C and D

C.E, F, C and B

D.E, F, C and D

What is a Port City？

The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people and goods around the world. We understand a port as a centre of land-sea exchange, and as a major source of livelihood and a major force for cultural mixing. But do ports all produce a range of common urban characteristics which justify classifying port cities together under a single generic label？ Do they have enough in common to warrant distinguishing them from other kinds of cities？

Ports and harbours

A port must be distinguished from a harbour. They are two very different things. Most ports have poor harbour, and many fine harbours see few ships. Harbour is a physical concept, a shelter for ships; port is an economic concept, a centre of land-sea exchange which requires good access to a hinterland (内地，腹地) even more than a sea-linked foreland. It is landward access, which is productive of goods for export and which demands imports, that is critical. Poor harbours can be improved with breakwaters (防浪堤) and dredging if there is a demand for a part. Madras and Colombo are examples of harbours expensively improved by enlarging, dredging and building breakwaters.

Once a port city, and always a port city

Port cities become industrial, financial and service centres and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railways, highways and air mutes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world's biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports, that is, with land-sea exchange as their major function—but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects so that their port functions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference.

A truly international environment

Port functions, more than anything else, make a city cosmopolitan (世界性的). A port city is open to the world. In it races, cultures, and ideas, as well as goods from a variety of places, jostle (竞争), mix and enrich each other and the life of the city: The smell of the sea and harbour, the sound of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols a of their multiple links with a wide world, samples of which are present in microcosm (微观世界) within their own urban areas.

Reasons for the decline of ports

Sea ports have been transformed by the advent of powered vessels, whose size and draught (船的吃水深度) have increased. Many formerly important ports have become economically and physically less accessible as a result. By-passed by most of their former enriching flow of exchange, they have become cultural and economic backwaters or have acquired the character of museums of the past. Examples of these are Charleston, Salem, Bristol, Plymouth, Surat, Galle, Melaka, Soochow, and a long list of earlier prominent port cities in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Relative significance of trade and service industry

Much domestic port trade has not been recorded. What evidence we have suggests that domestic trade was greater at all periods than external trade. Shanghai, for example, did most of its trade with other Chinese ports and inland cities. Calcutta traded mainly with other parts of India and so on. Most of any city's population is engaged in providing goods and services for the city itself. Trade outside the city is its basic function. But each basic worker requires food, housing, clothing and other such services. Estimates of the ratio of basic to service workers range from 1:4 to 1:8.

Good ports make huge profits

No city can be simply a port but must be involved in a variety of other ac

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced most articles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partly that of shoes was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, women were found in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers, silversmiths and gunsmiths. They ran mills, plantations, shipyards, and every kind of shops. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, journalists, printers, nurses, and teachers.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．Colonial marriages.

B．The Puritan religion.

C．Colonial women's employment.

D．Education in the colonies.

Questions are based on the following passage．

Throughout the colonial period there was a remarkable shortage of women, which varied with the regions and was always greatest in the frontier areas．This shortage enhanced women&39;s status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers． (80) The Puritans (清教徒) regarded idleness (无所事事) as a sin, and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made it necessary that each member of the community perform. an economic function． Thus work for

women was not only approved but also was regarded as a civic (市民的) duty． Puritan town councils (议会) expected widows (寡妇）and independent women to be self-supporting．There was no social prohibition against married women working; on the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in their trade and won social approval for doing extra work in or out of the home．

The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced most articles needed for the family．The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partly that of shoes was in the hands of women．In addition to these occupations, women were found in many

different kinds of employment．They were butchers, silversmiths and gunsmiths．They ran mills,plantations, shipyards, and every kind of shops．They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, journalists,．printers, nurses, and teachers．

What does the passage mainly discuss？ 查看材料

A.Colonial marriages．

B.The Puritan religion．

C.Colonial women"s employment．

D.Education in the colonies．

A．service trade has become more important than merchandise trade

B．the issues of service trade usually combined with investment,which is important for world economic growth

C．service trade is more competitive than other kinds of trade

D．advanced countries has stronger competency in commercial service trade

What is a Port City？

The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people and goods around the world. We understand a port as a centre of land-sea exchange, and so a major source of livelihood and a major force for cultural mixing. But do ports all produce a range of common urban characteristics which justify classifying port cities together under a single generic label？ Do they have enough in common to warrant distinguishing them from other kinds of cities？

A port must be distinguished from a harbor. They are two very different things. Most ports have poor harbors, and many fine harbors see few ships. Harbor is a physical concept, a shelter for ships; port is an economic concept, a centre of land-sea exchange which requires good access to a hinterland even more than a sealinked foreland, it is landward access, which is productive of goods for export and which demands imports, that is critical. Poor harbors can be improved with breakwaters and dredging if there is a demand for a port. Madras and Colombo are examples of harbors expensively improved by enlarging, dredging and building breakwaters.

Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railways, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world's biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports-that is, with land-sea exchange as their major function, but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects so that their port functions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference.

Port functions, more than anything else, make a city cosmopolitan. A port city is open to the world. In its races, cultures, and ideas, as well as goods from a variety of places, jostle, mix and enrich each other and the lire of the city.

The smell of the sea and the harbor, the sound of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols of their multiple links with a wide world, samples of which are present in microcosm within their own urban areas.

Sea ports have been transformed by the advent of powered vessels, whose size and draught have increased. Many formerly important ports have become economically and physically less accessible as a result. By-passed by most of their former enriching flow of exchange, they have become cultural and economic backwaters or have acquired the character of museums of the past. Examples of these are Charleston, Salem, Bristol, Plymouth, Surat, Gallo, Melaka, Suzhou chow, and a long list of earlier prominent port cities in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Much domestic port trade has not been recorded. What evidence we have suggested that domestic trade was greater at all periods than external trade. Shanghai, for example, did most of its trade with other Chinese ports and inland cities. Calcutta traded mainly with other parts of India and so on. Most of any city's population is engaged in providing goods and services for the city itself. Trade outside the city is its basic function. But each basic worker requires food housing, clothing and other such services. Estimates of the ratio of basic to service workers range from 1: 4 to 1: 8.

No city can be simply a port but must be involved in a variety of other activities. The port function of the city draws to it raw materials and distributes them in many other forms. Ports take advantage of the need for breaking up the bulk material where water and land transport meet and where loading and unloading costs can be minimized by refining raw mate

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

It seems that the National Rifle Association ______.

A．represents the interests of the firearms industry

B．opposes the sale of assault weapons to anyone

C．defends criminals" access to weapons justifiably

D．advocates the free trade in all kinds of weapons